Wheat with reduced lipoxygenase activity

ABSTRACT

A series of independent human-induced non-transgenic mutations found at one or more of the Lpx genes of wheat; wheat plants having these mutations in one or more of their Lpx genes; and a method of creating and finding similar and/or additional mutations of Lpx by screening pooled and/or individual wheat plants. The wheat plants disclosed herein exhibit decreased lipoxygenase activity without having the inclusion of foreign nucleic acids in their genomes. Additionally, products produced from the wheat plants disclosed herein display increased oxidative stability and increased shelf life without having the inclusion of foreign nucleic acids in their genomes.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation patent application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/580,975 filed Sep. 24, 2019, which is a continuation patent application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/994,062 filed May 31, 2018, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,457,951, which is a continuation patent application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/185,579 filed Jun. 17, 2016, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,087,455, which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/182,299 filed Jun. 19, 2015, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

FIELD

In one embodiment, the disclosure relates to mutations in one or more lipoxygenase 1 (Lpx1) genes. In one embodiment, the disclosure relates to human-induced non-transgenic mutations in one or more Lpx1 genes of wheat and wheat plants. In still another embodiment, human-induced non-transgenic mutations are in the Lpx1 genes in the B or D genome.

In one embodiment, the disclosure relates to wheat plants having wheat seeds and wheat flour with increased oxidative stability as a result of non-transgenic mutations in at least one of the Lpx1 genes. In another embodiment, the disclosure relates to a method that utilizes non-transgenic means to create wheat plants having mutations in at least one of their Lpx1 genes. In yet another embodiment, the disclosure relates to wheat flour and wheat-based food and beverage products made from the seeds of these wheat plants having mutations in at least one of their Lpx1 genes.

SUBMISSION OF SEQUENCE LISTING

The contents of the electronic submission of the text file Sequence Listing, which is named ARC-38806.txt, which was created Sep. 6, 2016, and is 38 KB in size, is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

BACKGROUND

Wheat is an important and strategic cereal crop for the majority of the world's populations. It is the most important staple food of about two billion people (36% of the world population). Worldwide, wheat provides nearly 55% of the carbohydrates and 20% of the food calories consumed globally. It exceeds in acreage and production every other grain crop (including rice, maize, etc.) and is therefore, the most important cereal grain crop of the world, which is cultivated over a wide range of climatic conditions. The understanding of genetics and genome organization using molecular markers is of great value for genetic and plant breeding purposes.

The world's main wheat producing regions are China, India, United States, Russian Federation, France, Australia, Germany, Ukraine, Canada, Turkey, Pakistan, Argentina, Kazakhstan and United Kingdom. Most of the currently cultivated wheat varieties belong Triticum aestivum L., which is known as common bread wheat and valued for bread making. The greatest portion of the wheat flour produced is used for bread making.

Bread wheat is a hexaploid, with three complete genomes termed A, B and D in the nucleus of each cell. Each of these genomes is almost twice the size of the human genome and consists of around 5,500 million nucleotides. Durum wheat, also known as macaroni wheat or pasta wheat (Triticum durum or Triticum turgidum subsp. durum), is the major tetraploid species of wheat of commercial importance, which is widely cultivated today. Durum wheat has two complete genomes, A and B, and is widely used for making pasta.

Wheat is a widely studied plant, but in some cases, development of new traits is hampered by limited genetic diversity in today's commercial wheat cultivars and also because the bread wheat genome typically has three functionally redundant copies of each gene (called homoeologs), and therefore, single gene alterations usually do not produce any readily visible phenotype such as those that have been found in diploid corn. Often in bread wheat, altered variants of all three homoeologs must be combined genetically in order to evaluate their effects.

Improving the shelf life of whole grain flour is important to meet the increasing food demands of the world population. Whole grain products offer many health advantages such as reducing the risk of chronic diseases such as coronary heart disease, type 2 diabetes, and some types of cancer. Whole grain products can also help improve body weight management and digestive health. Despite these health benefits, greater than 95% of the United States population consume below the recommended daily allowance of whole grains. Consumption of whole grain products are lower due to the bitter and off flavors that develop more rapidly in whole grain flour due to the susceptibility of its lipid fraction to hydrolytic and oxidative rancidity by lipases, lipoxygenases and other enzymes. Improving shelf-life and sensory characteristics of whole grain flour and food products by improving oxidative stability could positively affect consumer acceptance of whole grain products.

Lipoxygenase (Lpx), linoleate: oxygen oxidoreductase; (EC 1.13.11.12) is a class of non-heme iron-containing dioxygenases that catalyse the positional and specific dioxygenation of polyunsaturated fatty acids that contain 1,4-cis,cis pentadiene structures to produce the corresponding hydroperoxides. Lpx are key enzymes catalyzing the oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Lpxs are non-heme iron-containing dioxygenases, and are monomeric proteins with molecular mass ranging from 94 to 105 kDa in plants. There are many Lpx genes in plant genomes. For example, the Arabidopsis genome contains 6 Lpx genes and the rice genome contains 14 Lpx genes. Wheat, which has a genome size 108 times larger than Arabidopsis and 36 times larger than rice, has not yet been fully characterized for Lpx genes. At least 3 known wheat Lpx gene families, each with at least one homoeolog on the A, B and D genomes, have been identified to date. Lpx1 and Lpx3 are on chromosome 4 and Lpx2 is on chromosome 5. A quantitative trait locus for lipoxygenase activity has also recently been reported on chromosome 1A in durum wheat.

In plants, products of the lipoxygenase reaction have been shown to have roles in several processes, such as vegetative growth, wounding, response to herbivore and pathogen attack and also mobilization of storage lipids during germination. In rice, double mutants of two different genes, Lox1 and Lox2, but not single mutations in Lox3, improved germination and stability of intact grains for up to 42 months.

In durum wheat, radicals produced during the intermediate states of polyunsaturated fatty acid hydroperoxidation can cause oxidation of carotenoid pigments, and consequently a loss of the yellow flour color preferred for pasta products. Wheat lipoxygenases have been characterized in durum wheat due to efforts to increase yellow carotenoid levels in those varieties. A deletion allele in the durum wheat LpxB1.1 gene (called Lpx-B1.1c) in particular was found associated with improved yellow color in pasta products. Durum wheat lines with low lipoxygenase activity were also associated with a reduction of Lpx-3 transcript levels in the late stages of grain filling.

In addition to the LpxB1.1 gene, the wheat B genome has an additional copy of the Lpx1 gene that is present either as LpxB1.2 or LpxB1.3. In both durum and bread wheat, the A genome Lpx1 gene is encoded by a pseudogene called LpxA1-like (GenBank FJ518909). Durum wheat does not have the D genome, but an Lpx1 gene in the D genome of bread wheat has also been identified, and the sequence recently deposited in GenBank (KC679302).

In bread wheat, lipases and lipoxygenases play a role in lipid degradation, which can contribute to wheat products with decreased nutritional quality, decreased functional properties and decreased sensory acceptability. Lipoxygenase activity in bread wheat leads to degradation of carotenoids and decreased nutritional value. Since multiple Lpx genes (Lpx1, 2 and 3) are all expressed in the wheat grain each with one or more potential homoeologs in the A, B and D genomes, it is unclear if altering one gene or gene family could positively affect oxidative stability of whole grain flour in bread wheat. Mutations in the lipoxygenase genes in the wheat genome provide a potential pathway for providing increased oxidative stability in wheat flour and products derived therefrom. The disclosure herein demonstrates that novel alleles in the Lpx1 gene significantly improve shelf-life of whole grain flour.

SUMMARY

In one embodiment, the disclosure relates to mutations in one or more lipoxygenase1 (Lpx1) genes. In one embodiment, the disclosure relates to non-transgenic mutations in one or more Lpx1 genes. In one embodiment, one or more mutations are in the Lpx1 gene of the B genome. In another embodiment, one or more mutations are the Lpx1 gene of the D genome.

In one embodiment, the disclosure relates to multiple non-transgenic mutations in the Lpx gene including but not limited to 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, and greater than 10 mutations.

In one embodiment, the disclosure relates to non-transgenic mutations in the Lpx-B1.2 gene of the B genome including but not limited to 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, and greater than 10 mutations.

In one embodiment, the disclosure relates to non-transgenic mutations in the Lpx-D1 gene of the D genome including but not limited to 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, and greater than 10 mutations.

In another embodiment, the disclosure relates to non-transgenic mutations in the Lpx B1.2 gene of the B genome including but not limited to 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, and non-transgenic mutations in the Lpx-D1 gene of the D genome including but not limited to 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, and greater than 10 mutations.

In another embodiment, the disclosure relates to a wheat plant, wheat seeds, wheat plant parts, and progeny thereof with decreased lipoxygenase activity compared to wild type wheat plant, wheat seeds, wheat plant parts, and progeny thereof.

In another embodiment, the disclosure relates to a wheat plant, wheat seeds, wheat plant parts, and progeny thereof with increased oxidative stability compared to wild type wheat plant, wheat seeds, wheat plant parts, and progeny thereof.

In another embodiment, this invention relates to a wheat plant, wheat seeds, wheat plant parts, and progeny thereof having reduced lipoxygenase activity compared to the wild type wheat plant, wherein the reduction in lipoxygenase activity is caused by a human-induced non-transgenic mutation in one or more of the wheat plant's Lpx1 genes. In another embodiment, the Lpx1 enzyme has reduced activity.

In another embodiment, the disclosure relates to a wheat plant containing one or more mutated Lpx1 genes, as well as seeds, pollen, plant parts and progeny of that plant.

In another embodiment, the disclosure relates to wheat seeds and wheat flour with increased shelf life and improved sensory characteristics having reduced Lpx1 enzyme activity caused by a human-induced non-transgenic mutation in one or more Lpx1 genes.

In another embodiment, the disclosure relates to food, beverage, and food and beverage products incorporating wheat seeds and wheat flour having reduced Lpx1 enzyme activity caused by a human-induced non-transgenic mutation in one or more Lpx1 genes.

In another embodiment, this disclosure relates to a wheat plant having reduced activity of one or more Lpx1 enzymes compared to the wild type wheat plants, created by the steps of obtaining plant material from a parent wheat plant, inducing at least one mutation in at least one copy of an Lpx1 gene of the plant material by treating the plant material with a mutagen to create mutagenized plant material (e.g., seeds or pollen), analyzing progeny wheat plants to detect at least one mutation in at least one copy of an Lpx1 gene, selecting progeny wheat plants that have at least one mutation in at least one copy of an Lpx1 gene, and optionally, crossing progeny wheat plants that have at least one mutation in at least one copy of an Lpx1 gene with other progeny wheat plants that have at least one mutation in a different copy of an Lpx1 gene, and repeating the cycle of identifying progeny wheat plants having mutations and optionally crossing the progeny wheat plants having mutations with other progeny wheat plants having mutations to produce progeny wheat plants with reduced Lpx1 enzyme activity. In another embodiment, the method comprises growing or using the mutagenized plant material to produce progeny wheat plants.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEQUENCE LISTING

The nucleic acid sequences listed in the accompanying sequence listing are shown using standard letter abbreviations for nucleotide bases. Only one strand of each nucleic acid sequence is shown, but the complementary strand is understood to be included by any reference to the displayed strand. In the accompanying sequence listing:

SEQ ID NO: 1 shows a Triticum aestivum gene for Lipoxygenase 1, D genome, Lpx-D1 exons 1-6 (3,863 base pairs).

SEQ ID NO: 2 shows the Lpx-D1 coding sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 (2,586 base pairs).

SEQ ID NO: 3 shows the Lpx-D1 protein sequence of SEQ ID NO. 2 (862 amino acids).

SEQ ID NO: 4 shows a Triticum aestivum gene for Lipoxygenase 1, B genome, Lpx-B1.2 exons 1-7 (4,263 base pairs).

SEQ ID NO: 5 shows the Lpx-B1.2 coding sequence of SEQ ID NO. 4 (2,586 base pairs).

SEQ ID NO: 6 shows the Lpx-B1.2 protein sequence of SEQ ID NO. 5 (862 amino acids).

SEQ ID NOs: 7-14 show exemplary homoeolog specific primers that have proven useful in identifying useful mutations within the Lpx-D1 and Lpx-B1.2 gene sequences.

SEQ ID NO: 15 shows the Lpx-D1 promoter sequence and first exon for SEQ ID NO:1

SEQ ID NO: 16-17 show exemplary homoeolog specific primers that have proven useful in identifying useful mutations within the Lpx-D1 promoter.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1 is a bar graph showing the increase in hexanal production of whole grain flour as an indicator of rancidity during an accelerated aging time course at 37° C.

FIG. 2 is a bar graph showing the improved shelf life of novel Lpx-D1 and Lpx-B1.2×Lpx-D1 alleles during an accelerated aging time course at 37° C.

FIG. 3 is a bar graph showing reduced rancidity and improved shelf-life in whole grain flour of multiple Lpx-D1 alleles during an 8 weeks accelerated aging time-course at 37° C.

FIG. 4 is a bar graph showing reduced rancidity and improved shelf-life of novel Lpx-D1 and Lpx-B1.2/Lpx-D1 alleles during an 8 weeks accelerated aging time course at 37° C. Triplicate biological replicates were assayed and analyzed for hexanal levels.

FIG. 5 is a bar graph showing the improved shelf-life of novel Lpx-D1 and Lpx-B1.2×Lpx-D1 alleles during an accelerated aging time-course at 37° C. for 12 and 30 weeks (equivalent to 10 and 24 months at room temperature, respectively).

FIG. 6 is a bar graph showing reduced bitter compound, pinellic acid, in aged whole grain flour made from grains with Lpx-D1 novel alleles.

FIG. 7 is a bar graph showing reduced levels of bitter compound, pinellic acid, in dough made from freshly milled or aged whole grain flour from grains with Lpx 1 novel alleles.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION Definitions

The numerical ranges in this disclosure are approximate, and thus may include values outside of the range unless otherwise indicated. Numerical ranges include all values from and including the lower and the upper values, in increments of one unit, provided that there is a separation of at least two units between any lower value and any higher value. As an example, if a compositional, physical or other property, such as, for example, molecular weight, viscosity, etc., is from 100 to 1,000, it is intended that all individual values, such as 100, 101, 102, etc., and sub ranges, such as 100 to 144, 155 to 170, 197 to 200, etc., are expressly enumerated. For ranges containing values which are less than one or containing fractional numbers greater than one (e.g., 1.1, 1.5, etc.), one unit is considered to be 0.0001, 0.001, 0.01 or 0.1, as appropriate. For ranges containing single digit numbers less than ten (e.g., 1 to 5), one unit is typically considered to be 0.1. These are only examples of what is specifically intended, and all possible combinations of numerical values between the lowest value and the highest value enumerated, are to be considered to be expressly stated in this disclosure. Numerical ranges are provided within this disclosure for, among other things, relative amounts of components in a mixture, and various temperature and other parameter ranges recited in the methods.

As used herein, the term “allele” is any of one or more alternative forms of a gene, all of which relate to one trait or characteristic. In a diploid cell or organism, the two alleles of a given gene occupy corresponding loci on a pair of homologous chromosomes. An allele can be “wild-type” indicating the parental sequence at a particular nucleotide position, or “mutant” indicating a different nucleotide than the parental sequence. The term “heterozygous” indicates one wild-type and one mutant allele at a particular nucleotide position, and the term “homozygous” indicates two of the same allele at a particular nucleotide position.

As used herein, the terms “altering”, “increasing”, “increased”, “reducing”, “reduced”, “inhibited” or the like are considered relative terms, i.e. in comparison with the wild-type or unaltered state. The “level of a protein” refers to the amount of a particular protein, for example Lpx, which may be measured by any means known in the art such as, for example, Western blot analysis, or mass spectrometry or other immunological means. The “level of an enzyme activity” refers to the amount of a particular enzyme measured in an enzyme assay. It would be appreciated that the level of activity of an enzyme might be altered in a mutant but not the expression level (amount) of the protein itself. Conversely, the amount of protein might be altered but the activity remain the same if a more or less active protein is produced. Reductions in both amount and activity are also possible such as, for example, when a gene encoding the enzyme is inactivated. In certain embodiments, the reduction in the level of protein or activity is by at least 10% or by at least 20% or by at least 30% or by at least 40% or by at least 50% or by at least 60% compared to the level of protein or activity in the endosperm of unmodified wheat, or by at least 70%, or by at least 80% or by at least 85% or by at least 90% or at least 95%. The reduction in the level of the protein or enzyme activity or gene expression may occur at any stage in the development of the grain, particularly during the grain filling stage, or at all stages of grain development through to maturity.

As used herein, amino acid or nucleotide sequence “identity” and “similarity” are determined from an optimal global alignment between the two sequences being compared. An optimal global alignment is achieved using, for example, the Needleman-Wunsch algorithm (Needleman and Wunsch, 1970, J. Mol. Biol. 48:443-453). Sequences may also be aligned using algorithms known in the art including but not limited to CLUSTAL V algorithm or the BLASTN or BLAST 2 sequence programs.

“Identity” means that an amino acid or nucleotide at a particular position in a first polypeptide or polynucleotide is identical to a corresponding amino acid or nucleotide in a second polypeptide or polynucleotide that is in an optimal global alignment with the first polypeptide or polynucleotide. In contrast to identity, “similarity” encompasses amino acids that are conservative substitutions. A “conservative” substitution is any substitution that has a positive score in the Blosum62 substitution matrix (Henikoff and Henikoff, 1992, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89: 10915-10919).

By the statement “sequence A is n % similar to sequence B,” it is meant that n % of the positions of an optimal global alignment between sequences A and B consists of identical residues or nucleotides and conservative substitutions. By the statement “sequence A is n % identical to sequence B,” it is meant that n % of the positions of an optimal global alignment between sequences A and B consists of identical residues or nucleotides.

As used herein, “increase in shelf life” refers to an increase in the time period for which the product can remain sellable or useable. For example, millers commonly stamp ‘use by’ dates after milling for whole grain flour in the United States. A typical “use by” date may be four months. An “increase in shelf life” would extend the use by date.

As used herein, the term “plant” includes reference to an immature or mature whole plant, including a plant from which seed or grain or anthers have been removed. A seed or embryo that will produce the plant is also considered to be the plant.

As used herein, the term “plant parts” includes plant protoplasts, plant cell tissue cultures from which wheat plants can be regenerated, plant calli, plant clumps, and plant cells that are intact in plants or parts of plants, such as embryos, pollen, ovules, pericarp, seed, flowers, florets, heads, spikes, leaves, roots, root tips, anthers, and the like.

As used herein, the term “polypeptide(s)” refers to any peptide or protein comprising two or more amino acids joined to each other by peptide bonds or modified peptide bonds. “Polypeptide(s)” refers to both short chains, commonly referred to as peptides, oligopeptides and oligomers, and to longer chains generally referred to as proteins. Polypeptides may contain amino acids other than the 20 gene-encoded amino acids. “Polypeptide(s)” include those modified either by natural processes, such as processing and other post-translational modifications, but also by chemical modification techniques. Such modifications are well described in basic texts and in more detailed monographs, as well as in a voluminous research literature and they are well known to those of skill in the art. It will be appreciated that the same type of modification may be present in the same or varying degree at several sites in a given polypeptide.

As used herein, an “Lpx1 derivative” refers to a Lpx1 protein/peptide/polypeptide sequence that possesses biological activity that is substantially reduced as compared to the biological activity of the whole Lpx1 protein/peptide/polypeptide sequence. In other words, it refers to a polypeptide of a modified Lpx1 protein that has reduced Lpx1 enzymatic activity. The term “Lpx1 derivative” encompasses the “fragments” or “chemical derivatives” of a modified Lpx1 protein/peptide.

As used herein, the term “polynucleotide(s)” generally refers to any polyribonucleotide or poly-deoxyribonucleotide, which may be unmodified RNA or DNA or modified RNA or DNA. This definition includes, without limitation, single- and double-stranded DNA, DNA that is a mixture of single- and double-stranded regions or single-, double- and triple-stranded regions, cDNA, single- and double-stranded RNA, and RNA that is a mixture of single- and double-stranded regions, hybrid molecules comprising DNA and RNA that may be single-stranded or, more typically, double-stranded, or triple-stranded regions, or a mixture of single- and double-stranded regions. The term “polynucleotide(s)” also embraces short nucleotides or fragments, often referred to as “oligonucleotides,” that due to mutagenesis are not 100% identical but nevertheless code for the same amino acid sequence.

A “reduced or non-functional fragment,” as is used herein, refers to a nucleic acid sequence that encodes for a Lpx1 protein that has reduced biological activity as compared the protein coding of the whole nucleic acid sequence. In other words, it refers to a nucleic acid or fragment(s) thereof that substantially retains the capacity of encoding a Lpx1 polypeptide of the invention, but the encoded Lpx1 polypeptide has reduced activity.

The term “fragment,” as used herein, refers to a polynucleotide sequence, (e.g, a PCR fragment) which is an isolated portion of the subject nucleic acid constructed artificially (e.g., by chemical synthesis) or by cleaving a natural product into multiple pieces, using restriction endonucleases or mechanical shearing, or a portion of a nucleic acid synthesized by PCR, DNA polymerase or any other polymerizing technique well known in the art, or expressed in a host cell by recombinant nucleic acid technology well known to one of skill in the art.

With reference to polynucleotides of the disclosure, the term “isolated polynucleotide” is sometimes used. This term, when applied to DNA, refers to a DNA molecule that is separated from sequences with which it is immediately contiguous (in the 5′ and 3′ directions) in the naturally occurring genome of the organism from which it was derived. For example, the “isolated polynucleotide” may comprise a PCR fragment. In another embodiment, the “isolated polynucleotide” may comprise a DNA molecule inserted into a vector, such as a plasmid or virus vector, or integrated into the genomic DNA of a prokaryote or eukaryote. An “isolated polynucleotide molecule” may also comprise a cDNA molecule.

A wheat plant is defined herein as any plant of a species of the genus Triticum, which species is commercially cultivated, including, for example, Triticum aestivum L. ssp. aestivum (common or bread wheat), other subspecies of Triticum aestivum, Triticum turgidum L. ssp. durum (durum wheat, also known as macaroni or hard wheat), Triticum monococcum L. ssp. monococcum (cultivated einkorn or small spelt), Triticum timopheevi ssp. timopheevi, Triticum turgigum L. ssp. dicoccon (cultivated emmer), and other subspecies of Triticum turgidum (Feldman). The wheat may be hexaploid wheat having an AABBDD type genome, or tetraploid wheat having an AABB type genome. Since genetic variation in wheat transferred to certain related species, including rye and barley by hybridization, the disclosure also includes the hybrid species thus formed, including triticale that is a hybrid between bread wheat and rye. In one embodiment, the wheat plant is of the species Triticum aestivum, and preferably of the subspecies aestivum. Alternatively, since mutations or transgenes can be readily transferred from Triticum aestivum to durum wheat, the wheat is preferably Triticum turgidum L. ssp. Durum.

In one embodiment, the disclosure relates to non-transgenic mutations in one or more Lpx1 genes. In another embodiment, the disclosure describes wheat plants exhibiting seeds with deceased Lpx1 activity as compared to wild type wheat seeds without the inclusion of foreign nucleic acids in the wheat plant genome. In yet another embodiment, the disclosure describes wheat plants exhibiting seeds with increased oxidative stability as compared to wild type wheat seeds, without the inclusion of foreign nucleic acids in the wheat plant genome. In yet another embodiment, the disclosure describes wheat plants exhibiting seeds producing flour with increased shelf life as compared to wild type wheat seeds, without the inclusion of foreign nucleic acids in the wheat plant genome.

In still another embodiment, the disclosure relates to a series of independent human-induced non-transgenic mutations in one or more Lpx1 genes; wheat plants having one or more of these mutations in at least one Lpx1 gene thereof; and a method of creating and identifying similar and/or additional mutations in at least one Lpx1 gene of wheat. Additionally, the disclosure relates to wheat plants exhibiting seed with decreased Lpx1 activity and/or increased oxidative stability and/or shelf life as compared to wild type wheat seed, without the inclusion of foreign nucleic acids in the plants' genomes.

I. Lpx1 Mutations

A. Lpx1 Genes

In one embodiment, the disclosure relates to one or more non-transgenic mutations in the Lpx1 genes including the promoter. In another embodiment, the invention relates to one or more mutations in the Lpx1 gene. In one embodiment, the disclosure relates to multiple non-transgenic mutations in the Lpx1 gene including but not limited to 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, and greater than 10 mutations.

In another embodiment, the Lpx1 gene may contain one or more non-transgenic mutations recited in Tables 1, 2 and 3 and corresponding mutations in homoeologues and combinations thereof.

In another embodiment, the disclosure relates to corresponding mutations to the one or more non-transgenic mutations disclosed herein in the Lpx1 gene in a corresponding homoeologue. By way of example, an identified mutation in the Lpx-D1 gene of the D genome may be a beneficial mutation in the Lpx1 gene of the B and/or A genome. One of ordinary skill in the art will understand that the mutation in the homoeologue may not be in the exact location.

One of ordinary skill in the art understands there is natural variation in the genetic sequences of the Lpx1 genes in different wheat varieties.

The inventors have determined that to achieve a oxidative stability in wheat plants, mutations that reduce Lpx1 gene function are desirable. Preferred mutations include missense and nonsense changes, including mutations that prematurely truncate the translation of one or more Lpx1 proteins from messenger RNA, such as those mutations that create a stop codon within the coding region of an Lpx1 messenger RNA. Such mutations include insertions, deletions, repeat sequences, splice junction mutations, modified open reading frames (ORFs) and point mutations. Some stop codon mutations are more effective than others because not all stop codon mutations reduce lipoxygenase activity to the same extent.

In still another embodiment, one or more mutations are in the Lpx-B1.2 gene of the B genome. In still another embodiment, one or more mutations are in the Lpx-D1 gene of the D genome. In another embodiment, one or more mutations are in the Lpx-B1.2 and Lpx-D1 genes of the B and D genomes.

1. B Genome

In one embodiment, the disclosure relates to multiple non-transgenic mutations in the Lpx gene of the B genome including but not limited to 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, and greater than 10 mutations. In one embodiment, one or more non-transgenic mutations are in both alleles of the Lpx gene in the B genome. In another embodiment, the non-transgenic mutations are identical in both alleles of the Lpx gene of the B genome.

In one embodiment, one or more mutations are in the Lpx-B1.1a gene of the B genome. In one embodiment, the disclosure relates to multiple non-transgenic mutations in the Lpx-B1.1a gene including but not limited to 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, and greater than 10 mutations.

In one embodiment, one or more mutations are in the Lpx-B1.1b gene of the B genome. In one embodiment, the disclosure relates to multiple non-transgenic mutations in the Lpx-B1.1b gene including but not limited to 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, and greater than 10 mutations.

In one embodiment, one or more mutations are in the Lpx-B1.1c gene of the B genome. In one embodiment, the disclosure relates to multiple non-transgenic mutations in the Lpx-B1.1c gene including but not limited to 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, and greater than 10 mutations.

In one embodiment, one or more mutations are in the Lpx-B1.2 gene of the B genome. In one embodiment, the disclosure relates to multiple non-transgenic mutations in the Lpx-B1.2 gene including but not limited to 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, and greater than 10 mutations.

In one embodiment, one or more mutations are in the Lpx-B1.3 gene of the B genome. In one embodiment, the disclosure relates to multiple non-transgenic mutations in the Lpx-B1.3 gene including but not limited to 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, and greater than 10 mutations.

The following mutations identified in Tables 1, 2 and 3 are exemplary of the mutations created and identified according to various embodiments disclosed herein. They are offered by way of illustration, not limitation. It is to be understood that the mutations below are merely exemplary and that similar mutations are also contemplated.

One exemplary mutation in Table 1 is G2982A, resulting in a change from guanine to adenine at nucleotide position 2982 identified according to its position in the sequence of Lpx-B1.2 SEQ ID NO: 4. This mutation results in a change from tryptophan to a stop (*) codon at amino acid position 510 (W510*) identified according to its position in the expressed protein of Lpx-B1.2 (SEQ ID NO: 6).

Table 1 provides examples of mutations created and identified in Lpx-B1.2 in the B genome of wheat plants, variety Express. Nucleotide and amino acid changes are identified according to their positions in SEQ ID NOs: 4 and 6, respectively. Zygosity refers to whether the mutation is heterozygous (Het) or homozygous (Hom) in the M2 plant.

TABLE 1 Representative mutations in the Lpx-B1.2 gene in the B genome Nucleotide A.A. Change Mutation Primer (SEQ ID (SEQ ID Descrip- Zy- SEQ IDs NO: 4) NO: 6) PSSM SIFT tion gosity 8, 14 G2536A V397I −12.9 1.00 1705D03 Hom 8, 14 C2563T L406F 2316C07 Hom 8, 14 G2691A Splice 2171F09 Hom Junction 8, 14 C2695T L415F 2330B06 Hom 8, 14 G2722A D424N 1705E09 Hom 8, 14 C2728T H426Y 2194G09 Het 8, 14 C2749T L433F 2333E09 Het 8, 14 C2770T P440S 1730E05 Het 8, 14 C2771T P440L 2177E04 Het 8, 14 C2800T L450F 8.1 0.06 2193D10 Hom 8, 14 T2810A L453Q 22.4 0.00 1711F03 Het 8, 14 G2816A G455D −4.6 1.00 2178B03 Hom 8, 14 G2818A D456N 5.1 0.26 2179F05 Het 8, 14 G2822A G457D 14.6 0.02 1705F02 Het 8, 14 G2825A R458K 4.4 0.00 2171F04 Hom 8, 14 C2831T T460M −2.1 0.04 2196D10 Het 8, 14 C2833T P461S 26.1 0.01 2169G03 Het 8, 14 G2839A A463T 20.8 0.01 2177D04 Hom 8, 14 G2854A E468K −3.0 1.00 1743D06 Het 8, 14 C2858T P469L 28.0 0.00 2179B06 Hom 8, 14 C2879T T476I 2171G11 Het 8, 14 C2882T T477I 2328B06 Hom 8, 14 G2884A A478T 2196D11 Het 8, 14 C2885T A478V 2328E04 Het 8, 14 C2903T T484M 1744F11 Het 8, 14 G2918A G489D 2322F06 Hom 8, 14 G2921A S490N 1706A05 Hom 8, 14 G2926A E492K 2330A10 Het 8, 14 G2929A G493R 2328A08 Het 8, 14 G2933A W494* 1721E07 Hom 8, 14 G2941A E497K −0.5 0.93 1712C12 Het 8, 14 T2944G F498V 5.5 0.01 1706E05 Hom 8, 14 C2948T A499V 21.1 0.00 2178D09 Hom 8, 14 G2962A A504T 4.1 0.56 2322E05 Het 8, 14 C2963T A504V 3.0 0.41 1705C08 Het 8, 14 G2971A D507N 8.4 0.12 2172H04 Het 8, 14 C2975T S508F −2.9 0.82 2195C02 Hom 8, 14 G2977A G509R 12.5 0.33 1705B01 Het 8, 14 G2982A W510* 2175D04 Het

In one embodiment, the disclosure relates to a polynucleotide of the Lpx-B1.2 gene in the B genome with one or more non-transgenic mutations listed in Table 1 and corresponding to SEQ ID NO: 4. In another embodiment, the polynucleotide with one or more non-transgenic mutations listed in Table 1 is 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or greater than 99% identical to SEQ ID NO: 4. In yet another embodiment, the polynucleotide with one or more non-transgenic mutations listed in Table 1 is 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or greater than 99% similar to SEQ ID NO: 4.

In still another embodiment, the polynucleotide with one or more non-transgenic mutation listed in Table 1 codes for a Lpx-B1.2 protein, wherein the Lpx-B1.2 protein comprises one or more non-transgenic mutations and is 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or greater than 99% identical to SEQ ID NO: 6. In still another embodiment, the polynucleotide with one or more non-transgenic mutation listed in Table 1 codes for a Lpx-B1.2 protein, wherein the Lpx-B1.2 protein comprises one or more non-transgenic mutations and is 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or greater than 99% similar to SEQ ID NO: 6.

2. D Genome

In one embodiment, the disclosure relates to multiple non-transgenic mutations in the Lpx-D1 gene of the D genome including but not limited to 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, and greater than 10 mutations. In one embodiment, one or more non-transgenic mutations are in both alleles of the Lpx-D1 gene in the D genome. In another embodiment, the non-transgenic mutations are identical in both alleles of the Lpx-D1 gene of the D genome.

In one embodiment, one or more mutations are in the Lpx-D1 gene of the D genome. In one embodiment, the disclosure relates to multiple non-transgenic mutations in the Lpx-D1 gene including but not limited to 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, and greater than 10 mutations.

One exemplary mutation in Table 2 is G2629A, resulting in a change from guanine to adenine at nucleotide position 2629 identified according to its position in the sequence of Lpx-D1 SEQ ID NO: 1. This mutation results in a change from tryptophan to a stop (*) codon at amino acid position 494 (W494*) identified according to its position in the expressed Lpx-D1 protein (SEQ ID NO: 3).

Table 2 provides representative examples of mutations created and identified in Lpx-D1 in the D genome of wheat plants, variety Express. Nucleotide and amino acid changes are identified according to their positions in SEQ ID NOs: 1 and 3, respectively. Zygosity refers to whether the mutation is heterozygous (Het) or homozygous (Hom) in the M2 plant.

TABLE 2 Representative mutations in the Lpx-D1 gene in the D genome Nucleotide A.A. Mutation Mutation Primer (SEQ ID (SEQ ID Descrip- Zy- SEQ IDs NO: 1) NO: 3) PSSM SIFT tion gosity 10, 11 G592A G70E 1404C02 Het 10, 11 G626A W81* 1686F04 Hom 10, 11 G627A V82M 4543C04 Het 10, 11 C631T T83M 2171A08 Het 10, 11 G685A W101* 1686E09 Hom 10, 11 G693A E104K 2316D03 Het 10, 11 C709T P109L 4831G10 Hom 10, 11 G712A G110D 2322A03 Hom 10, 11 C742T S120F 4831B07 Het 10, 11 C753T L124F 4818D09 Het 10, 11 C780T P133S 1685C06 Hom 10, 11 C781T P133L 4547F12 Het 10, 11 G789A G136S 2171A10 Het 10, 11 C795T L138F 2165E05 Het 10, 11 C799T S139F 1745F10 Hom 10, 11 C1516T R185W 1737C05 Het 10, 11 C1451T T163M 16.4 0.01 2319H03 Het 10, 11 G1588A G209S 12.9 0.05 2176A11 Hom 10, 11 C1471T P170S 26.2 0.00 1333E02 Het 10, 11 C1472T P170L 28.2 0.00 2195F07 Het 10, 11 G1498A D179N 4831E12 Het 10, 11 G1646A R228H 22.2 0.00 4544B07 Het 10, 11 G1517A R185Q 2169E08 Hom 10, 11 G1519A G186S 2164D07 Hom 10, 11 G1520A G186D 2172E07 Hom 10, 11 C1531T Q190* 2172A05 Hom 10, 11 G1534A G191R 2196D06 Het 10, 11 C1538T P192L 2167C03 Het 10, 11 G1546A E195K 2168C11 Het 10, 11 G1556A R198H 24.0 0.00 4831D09 Hom 10, 11 G1558A V199I −2.4 1.00 1745A09 Het 10, 11 C1832T P290L 11.4 0.25 2162B10 Hom 10, 11 C1587T L208= 2165H01 Hom 10, 11 G1591A E210K 7.9 0.15 2322B05 Het 10, 11 G1966A G335S 2322B05 Het 10, 11 C1600T P213S 2166H07 Het 10, 11 C1601T P213L 1333G02 Hom 10, 11 C1987T P342S 1402C09 Het 10, 11 G1609A G216S 1334G03 Hom 10, 11 G1610A G216D 1344F01 Hom 10, 11 C1633T P224S 25.6 0.00 1333D05 Hom 10, 11 G1642A G227S 18.2 0.49 2175A08 Hom 10, 11 G1651A G230S 13.2 0.04 2166C06 Het 10, 11 C1661T P233L 14.7 0.06 2189H08 Hom 10, 11 C1675T P238S 13.0 0.09 1738G07 Hom 10, 11 G1679A S239N −5.7 1.00 1344D02 Het 10, 11 G1684A E241K 12.1 0.05 2163H01 Het 10, 11 G1691A R243Q 4544B01 Hom 10, 11 C1720T P253S 2191E11 Hom 10, 11 C1721T P253L 4818F12 Hom 10, 11 C1723T R254W 1738B10 Het 10, 11 G1724A R254Q 2171B11 Het 10, 11 G1738A G259S 2324H10 Het 10, 11 C1744T L261F 2335C01 Het 10, 11 C1772T S270F 4543H09 Hom 10, 11 G1780A A273T 2176C11 Het 10, 11 G2032A D357N 10.5 0.17 2176C11 Het 10, 11 C1805T A281V 2169B04 Het 10, 11 C1814T T284I 2320B12 Het 10, 11 G1819A V286I 1737E05 Hom 10, 11 C1829T T289I 2322E10 Hom 10, 11 C1831T P290S 4.9 0.83 2191F11 Hom 10, 11 G1863A M300I 4.6 0.40 2323A10 Het 10, 11 G1873A E304K 4.5 0.34 1686D09 Hom 10, 11 G1880A G306D 13.1 0.04 1344E07 Hom 10, 11 G1909A E316K 1738D03 Hom 10, 11 C1930T P323S 2320A07 Hom 10, 11 A2051T E363V 10.1 0.50 2175E03 Het 7, 9 C2279T L409F 1703B07 Het 7, 8 G2386A Splice 2196A02 Het Junction 7, 8 G2397A S417N 1702D04 Het 7, 9 C2414T L423F 1355F01 Hom 7, 9 C2423T H426Y 1703D03 Het 7, 8 G2430A R428Q 2168H07 Het 7, 8 C2438T P431S 2190C02 Het 7, 8 G2450A E435K 1721F01 Hom 7, 8 G2453A V436I 1722C08 Hom 7, 8 C2466T P440L 2169B06 Hom 7, 9 G2468A G441S 1459G11 Hom 7, 8 C2487T T447I 20.6 0.00 1729F08 Het 7, 9 G2490A R448K 24.0 0.00 1687D06 Hom 7, 9 G2508A R454H 12.7 0.11 1457C09 Hom 7, 8 C2528T P461S 26.1 0.01 1721E07 Het 7, 9 C2529T P461L 9.7 0.26 1456D06 Het 12, 13 G2549A E468K −3.0 1.00 2334B03 Hom 7, 9 C2553T P469L 28.0 0.00 1705F03 Het 7, 9 G2564A G473S 1743G02 Het 12, 13 C3306T L677F 11.4 0.05 4752E11 Het 12, 13 C2574T T476I 2330D08 Hom 7, 8 C2577T T477I 1717E01 Het 7, 9 G2591A V482M 1333B11 Hom 7, 9 C2600T P485S 1686A07 Hom 12, 13 C2606T P487S 2317A11 Hom 12, 13 G2610A S488N 2334D05 Het 7, 9 G2613A G489D 1339F04 Hom 12, 13 G2616A S490N 4776G10 Het 12, 13 G2624A G493S 1748G05 Het 12, 13 G2625A G493D 4752H09 Het 7, 9 G2629A W494* 1416F05 Het 7, 9 G2636A E497K −0.5 0.93 1704D07 Hom 12, 13 C2658T A504V 3.0 0.41 2335E07 Hom 7, 9 G2666A D507N 8.4 0.12 1689A03 Het 12, 13 T2675A W510R 4.0 0.37 2317A08 Hom 12, 13 G2676A W510* 2197F06 Het 12, 13 G2677A W510* 1748B07 Het 7, 9 C2684T L513F 6.1 0.12 1686B10 Hom 12, 13 G2827A Splice 2319D08 Hom Junction 12, 13 G2828A W517* 2161C05 Het 12, 13 G2841A A522T 4.2 0.24 4543C12 Het 7, 9 G2849A M524I 2.5 0.47 1339E01 Het 7, 9 G2850A E525K 18.1 0.01 1464D10 Hom 7, 9 C2853T P526S 13.9 0.08 1705D11 Het 12, 13 G2875A R533Q 25.7 0.00 4543C06 Hom 7, 9 G2884A S536N 17.7 0.15 1703G05 Hom 12, 13 C2895T P540S 25.5 0.00 2316E11 Hom 7, 9 G2898A V541M 10.6 0.02 1333A08 Hom 12, 13 C2919T H548Y 25.9 0.00 4546A09 Het 12, 13 C2932T T552I 1427B11 Hom 12, 13 G3252A D659N 27.6 0.00 4548F10 Het 12, 13 A2944T N556I 2189H07 Hom 12, 13 G2946A A557T 1428A10 Hom 12, 13 C2953T A559V 4551F08 Hom 12, 13 C2955T R560W 1435F06 Het 7, 9 G2956A R560Q 1334G09 Het 12, 13 G2993A M572I 4684G04 Het 7, 9 C3003T P576S 1711C07 Het 12, 13 G3022A G582E 2320E08 Het 12, 13 G3049A W591* 4549G07 Het 12, 13 G3060A E595K 10.4 0.36 4546D04 Hom 12, 13 C3072T P599S 17.1 0.03 2161B07 Hom 12, 13 C3073T P599L 11.6 0.13 1748A11 Het 12, 13 G3105A E610K 2319H09 Het 12, 13 G3108A D611N 4684E07 Het 12, 13 G3133A R619Q 2328H04 Hom 12, 13 C3160T A628V 19.0 0.03 4548E09 Hom 12, 13 G3162A A629T 3.6 0.39 4544D10 Hom 12, 13 G3165A D630N 11.7 0.06 4544C09 Hom 12, 13 G3181A W635* 2189B08 Het 12, 13 G3204A G643S −4.5 0.92 1444C10 Hom 12, 13 G3207A E644K 8.5 0.36 1402C09 Het 12, 13 G3216A A647T 3.9 0.44 4818F10 Het 12, 13 C3256T T660M 9.0 0.22 2319B05 Hom 12, 13 G3272A W665* 4544H06 Hom 12, 13 G3275A W666* 1435D10 Hom 12, 13 G3282A A669T 5.2 0.05 2330C04 Hom 12, 13 G3288A E671K 7.7 0.45 1749D11 Hom 12, 13 G3295A G673E 22.6 0.00 1402B04 Hom 12, 13 C3297T H674Y 15.0 0.71 1402C07 Hom 12, 13 C3318T P681S 12.8 0.71 2330B06 Het 12, 13 G3345A G690R 2330B06 Het 12, 13 C3319T P681L 16.2 0.30 2161G09 Hom 12, 13 G3339A G688S 4543D12 Het 12, 13 G3364A C696Y 22.1 0.00 2194A08 Hom 12, 13 C3370T T698I 1.8 0.34 2319D05 Hom 12, 13 G3379A W701* 4543G08 Hom 12, 13 G3385A G703E 5.9 0.01 2189D07 Hom 12, 13 G3390A A705T 14.9 0.02 2334D08 Hom 12, 13 G3399A A708T 10.9 0.06 4544E04 Het 12, 13 C3400T A708V 19.8 0.00 2330E08 Hom 12, 13 G3415A G713E 18.0 0.01 4547D06 Het 12, 13 G3432A G719R 14.4 0.01 2193G12 Hom 12, 13 C3438T L721F −1.9 0.30 2197A05 Hom 12, 13 C3441T P722S 17.4 0.01 2197D11 Hom 12, 13 C3454T T726M 13.4 0.05 1444B07 Hom 12, 13 G3456A V727M −1.3 0.27 2334A02 Hom 12, 13 C3462T R729W 6.1 0.08 2330A11 Het 12, 13 C3481T P735L 4551G10 Het 12, 13 G3483A G736R 2193F12 Hom 12, 13 G3484A G736E 2320B08 Hom 12, 13 G3492A A739T 1444B06 Het 12, 13 G3498A A741T 1428C06 Hom 12, 13 G3501A E742K 4545B08 Hom 12, 13 G3513A D746N 4551F09 Het 12, 13 C3517T P747L 4549D10 Het 12, 13 G3831A A852T 4831D05 Hom 12, 13 G3585A V770M 12.7 0.00 4547H07 Het 12, 13 C3601T S775F 19.0 0.00 1427A06 Hom 12, 13 C3627T R784C 4755H09 Het 12, 13 G3628A R784H 4752C09 Hom 12, 13 G3643A W789* 4544B07 Het 12, 13 G3644A W789* 2335D03 Hom 12, 13 C3655T P793L 4548B05 Hom 12, 13 G3666A E797K 2197G10 Het

In one embodiment, the disclosure relates to multiple non-transgenic mutations in the Lpx promoter of the D genome including but not limited to 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, and greater than 10 mutations. In one embodiment, one or more non-transgenic mutations are in both alleles of the Lpx-D1 promoter in the D genome. In another embodiment, the non-transgenic mutations are identical in both alleles of the Lpx-D1 promoter of the D genome.

In one embodiment, one or more mutations are in the Lpx-D1 promoter of the D genome. In one embodiment, the disclosure relates to multiple non-transgenic mutations in the Lpx-D1 promoter including but not limited to 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, and greater than 10 mutations.

Table 3 provides representative examples of mutations created and identified in Lpx-D1 promoter in the D genome of wheat plants, variety Express. Nucleotide changes are identified according to their positions in SEQ ID NO: 15. Zygosity refers to whether the mutation is heterozygous (Het) or homozygous (Hom) in the M2 plant.

TABLE 3 Representative mutations in the Lpx-D1 promoter in the D genome Nucleotide Mutation Primer (SEQ ID SEQ IDs NO: 15) Description Zygosity 16, 17 C1275T 1687E12 Het 16, 17 C1276T 1706B01 Hom 16, 17 C1292T 1686C07 Hom 16, 17 C1292T 1686C07 Hom 16, 17 C1339T 1705B01 Het 16, 17 G1349A 1686F08 Het 16, 17 C1411T 1687F07 Het 16, 17 C1418T 1685F01 Hom 16, 17 G1538A 1691D07 Hom 16, 17 G1546A 1705A09 Het 16, 17 G1602A 1691F03 Het 16, 17 G1736A 1685E01 Hom 16, 17 C1752T 1705H10 Hom 16, 17 C1834T 1686B02 Hom 16, 17 C1857T 1705H08 Hom 16, 17 G1907A 1684F07 Hom 16, 17 G1935A 1691D05 Het 16, 17 C1276T 1738F01 Hom 16, 17 C1282T 1752H03 Hom 16, 17 C1333T 1743B10 Hom 16, 17 G1407A 2162C07 Het 16, 17 G1421A 1738B02 Het 16, 17 G1474A 2163B03 Het 16, 17 C1485T 1750C09 Het 16, 17 C1502T 2162C05 Het 16, 17 G1547A 2163B05 Het 16, 17 G1558A 1751C10 Het 16, 17 C1625T 1741D12 Het 16, 17 C1627T 1737B09 Hom 16, 17 C1655T 1737H08 Het 16, 17 C1752T 1737G07 Hom 16, 17 C1792T 1743G08 Hom 16, 17 G1795A 1738E08 Het 16, 17 G1839A 1737G06 Hom 16, 17 G1846A 1741G03 Het 16, 17 G1897A 1741F06 Het 16, 17 G1907A 1750H06 Het 16, 17 G1940A 1741F07 Het 16, 17 C2102T 1752G03 Het 16, 17 C1238T 2164C02 Het 16, 17 C1276T 2168C09 Het 16, 17 C1277T 2168D09 Het 16, 17 G1352A 2171C12 Het 16, 17 C1414T 2169C01 Het 16, 17 G1518A 2171F05 Hom 16, 17 G1532A 2167E08 Het 16, 17 C1565T 2168B09 Het 16, 17 G1697A 2168E07 Het 16, 17 C1715T 2166A12 Het 16, 17 C1779T 2166F08 Het 16, 17 C1814T 2171E05 Het 16, 17 G1858A 2168D11 Het 16, 17 G1871A 2168E03 Het 16, 17 C1888T 2166E01 Het 16, 17 G1911A 2163A08 Het 16, 17 G1939A 2166B08 Het 16, 17 G1269A 2176H02 Het 16, 17 G1269A 2176F08 Het 16, 17 G1291A 2176D11 Hom 16, 17 G1297A 2176G02 Hom 16, 17 C1315T, C1569T 2190B11 Het 16, 17 C1484T 2190C05 Hom 16, 17 C1504T 2189C02 Het 16, 17 G1512A 2172H08 Het 16, 17 G1518A 2171H10 Het 16, 17 G1546A 2176G08 Hom 16, 17 C1557T 2189H06 Het 16, 17 C1568T 2172E03 Hom 16, 17 G1634A 2191E06 Het 16, 17 C1695T 2189B06 Het 16, 17 C1709T 2178B11 Het 16, 17 C1715T 2178E01 Het 16, 17 C1725T 2176C04 Hom 16, 17 G1759A 2175C11 Het 16, 17 C1785T 2175F08 Het 16, 17 G1824A 2190D02 Het 16, 17 G1844A 2189G09 Het 16, 17 C1121T 2196G02 Het 16, 17 C1279T 2196F05 Het 16, 17 C1312T 2196A05 Hom 16, 17 G1382A 2195E02 Het 16, 17 C1484T 2194C07 Het 16, 17 C1705T 2194F11 Het 16, 17 G1731A 2192A08 Het 16, 17 G1821A 2330B06 Het 16, 17 G1822A, G1940A 2195D06 Het 16, 17 C1856T 2319A05 Het 16, 17 G1887A 2195C03 Hom 16, 17 G1906A 2196B02 Het 16, 17 C1414T 4545F03 Hom 16, 17 C1483T 4546E11 Het 16, 17 G1526A 4547G04 Het 16, 17 C1831T 4543C05 Hom 16, 17 G1845A 4544A03 Hom 16, 17 G1966A 4547G09 Het

In one embodiment, the invention relates to a polynucleotide of the Lpx1 gene in the D genome with one or more non-transgenic mutations listed in Table 2 and corresponding to SEQ ID NO: 1. In another embodiment, the polynucleotide with one or more non-transgenic mutations listed in Table 2 is 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or greater than 99% identical to SEQ ID NO: 1. In yet another embodiment, the polynucleotide with one or more non-transgenic mutations listed in Table 2 is 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or greater than 99% similar to SEQ ID NO: 1.

In still another embodiment, the polynucleotide with one or more non-transgenic mutation listed in Table 2 codes for a Lpx-D1 protein, wherein the Lpx-D1 protein comprises one or more non-transgenic mutations and is 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or greater than 99% identical to SEQ ID NO: 3. In still another embodiment, the polynucleotide with one or more non-transgenic mutation listed in Table 2 codes for a Lpx-D1 protein, wherein the Lpx-D1 protein comprises one or more non-transgenic mutations and is 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or greater than 99% similar to SEQ ID NO: 3.

In still another embodiment, the invention relates to a polynucleotide of the Lpx-D1 promoter in the D genome with one or more non-transgenic mutations listed in Table 3 and corresponding to SEQ ID NO: 15. In another embodiment, the polynucleotide with one or more non-transgenic mutations listed in Table 3 is 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or greater than 99% identical to SEQ ID NO: 15. In yet another embodiment, the polynucleotide with one or more non-transgenic mutations listed in Table 3 is 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or greater than 99% similar to SEQ ID NO: 15.

B. Lpx1 Proteins

In yet another embodiment, the disclosure relates to one or more non-transgenic mutations in the Lpx1 genes (as discussed above in the section entitled Lpx1 Mutations) that result in an Lpx1 protein with one or more mutations as compared to wild type Lpx1 protein. In one embodiment, the non-transgenic mutations include but are not limited to the mutations recited in Tables 1-3, corresponding mutations in homoeologues, and combinations thereof.

In another embodiment, the disclosure relates to one or more non-transgenic mutations in the Lpx1 gene or promoter that inhibits production of the Lpx1 protein. In some embodiments, a mutation in the Lpx1 gene or promoter reduces expression of the Lpx1 protein. In other embodiments, a mutation in the Lpx1 gene or promoter creates an unstable or reduced function Lpx1 protein. In another embodiment, the non-transgenic mutations include but are not limited to the mutations recited in Tables 1-3, corresponding mutations in homoeologues, and combinations thereof.

1. Expression Level of Lpx1 Proteins

In another embodiment, the expression level of Lpx1 proteins with one or more mutations disclosed herein is reduced to 0-2%, 2-5%, 5-7%, 7-10%, 10-15%, 15-20%, 20-25%, 25-30%, 30-35%, 35-40%, 40-45%, 45-50%, 50-60%, 60-70%, 70-80%, 80-90%, 90-95%, and 95-99% of the expression level of the wild type Lpx1 protein.

In yet another embodiment, the expression level of Lpx-D1 protein with one or more mutations disclosed herein is reduced to 0-2%, 2-5%, 5-7%, 7-10%, 10-15%, 15-20%, 20-25%, 25-30%, 30-35%, 35-40%, 40-45%, 45-50%, 50-60%, 60-70%, 70-80%, 80-90%, 90-95%, and 95-99% of the expression level of the wild type Lpx-D1 protein.

In still another embodiment, the expression level of Lpx-B1.1a protein with one or more mutations disclosed herein is reduced to 0-2%, 2-5%, 5-7%, 7-10%, 10-15%, 15-20%, 20-25%, 25-30%, 30-35%, 35-40%, 40-45%, 45-50%, 50-60%, 60-70%, 70-80%, 80-90%, 90-95%, and 95-99% of the expression level of the wild type Lpx-B1.1a protein.

In still another embodiment, the expression level of Lpx-B1.1b protein with one or more mutations disclosed herein is reduced to 0-2%, 2-5%, 5-7%, 7-10%, 10-15%, 15-20%, 20-25%, 25-30%, 30-35%, 35-40%, 40-45%, 45-50%, 50-60%, 60-70%, 70-80%, 80-90%, 90-95%, and 95-99% of the expression level of the wild type Lpx-B1.1b protein.

In still another embodiment, the expression level of Lpx-B1.1c protein with one or more mutations disclosed herein is reduced to 0-2%, 2-5%, 5-7%, 7-10%, 10-15%, 15-20%, 20-25%, 25-30%, 30-35%, 35-40%, 40-45%, 45-50%, 50-60%, 60-70%, 70-80%, 80-90%, 90-95%, and 95-99% of the expression level of the wild type Lpx-B1.1c protein.

In still another embodiment, the expression level of Lpx-B1.2 protein with one or more mutations disclosed herein is reduced to 0-2%, 2-5%, 5-7%, 7-10%, 10-15%, 15-20%, 20-25%, 25-30%, 30-35%, 35-40%, 40-45%, 45-50%, 50-60%, 60-70%, 70-80%, 80-90%, 90-95%, and 95-99% of the expression level of the wild type Lpx-B1.2 protein.

In still another embodiment, the expression level of Lpx-B1.3 protein with one or more mutations disclosed herein is reduced to 0-2%, 2-5%, 5-7%, 7-10%, 10-15%, 15-20%, 20-25%, 25-30%, 30-35%, 35-40%, 40-45%, 45-50%, 50-60%, 60-70%, 70-80%, 80-90%, 90-95%, and 95-99% of the expression level of the wild type Lpx-B1.3 protein.

2. Activity of Lpx1 Proteins

In yet another embodiment, the lipoxygenase activity of the Lpx protein with one or more mutations disclosed herein is reduced to 0-1, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14,15, 16, 17,18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 69, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 86, 97, 98, 99% and by more than 99% of the activity level of the wild type Lpx1 protein. In another embodiment, the Lpx1 protein with one or more mutations disclosed herein has no activity or zero activity as compared to wild type Lpx1 protein.

In yet another embodiment, the lipoxygenase activity of the Lpx1 protein with one or more mutations disclosed herein is from 1-10% or from 10-30% or from 30-50% or from 50-70% or from 70-80% or from 80-90% or from 90-95% of the activity level of the wild type Lpx1 protein.

In yet another embodiment, the lipoxygenase activity of the Lpx1 protein from the Lpx-D1 gene with one or more mutations disclosed herein is reduced to 0-1, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14,15, 16, 17,18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 69, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 86, 97, 98, 99% and by more than 99% of the activity level of the wild type Lpx-D1 protein. In another embodiment, the Lpx-D1 protein with one or more mutations disclosed herein has no activity or zero activity as compared to wild type Lpx-D1 protein.

In yet another embodiment, the lipoxygenase activity of the Lpx1 protein from the Lpx-D1 gene with one or more mutations disclosed herein is from 1-10% or from 10-30% or from 30-50% or from 50-70% or from 70-80% or from 80-90% or from 90-95% of the activity level of the wild type Lpx-D1 protein.

In yet another embodiment, the lipoxygenase activity of the Lpx1 protein from the Lpx-B1.1a gene with one or more mutations disclosed herein is reduced to 0-1, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14,15, 16, 17,18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 69, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 86, 97, 98, 99% and by more than 99% of the activity level of the wild type Lpx-B1.1a protein. In another embodiment, the Lpx-B1.1a protein with one or more mutations disclosed herein has no activity or zero activity as compared to wild type Lpx-B1.1a protein.

In yet another embodiment, the lipoxygenase activity of the Lpx1 protein from the Lpx-B1.1a gene with one or more mutations disclosed herein is from 1-10% or from 10-30% or from 30-50% or from 50-70% or from 70-80% or from 80-90% or from 90-95% of the activity level of the wild type Lpx-B1.1a protein.

In yet another embodiment, the lipoxygenase activity of the Lpx1 protein from the Lpx-B1.1b gene with one or more mutations disclosed herein is reduced to 0-1, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14,15, 16, 17,18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 69, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 86, 97, 98, 99% and by more than 99% of the activity level of the wild type Lpx1 protein. In another embodiment, the Lpx-B1.1b protein with one or more mutations disclosed herein has no activity or zero activity as compared to wild type Lpx-B1.1b protein.

In yet another embodiment, the lipoxygenase activity of the Lpx1 protein from the Lpx-B1.1b gene with one or more mutations disclosed herein is from 1-10% or from 10-30% or from 30-50% or from 50-70% or from 70-80% or from 80-90% or from 90-95% of the activity level of the wild type Lpx-B1.1b protein.

In yet another embodiment, the lipoxygenase activity of the Lpx1 protein from the Lpx-B1.1c gene with one or more mutations disclosed herein is reduced to 0-1, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14,15, 16, 17,18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 69, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 86, 97, 98, 99% and by more than 99% of the activity level of the wild type Lpx-B1.1c protein.

In yet another embodiment, the lipoxygenase activity of the Lpx1 protein from the Lpx-B1.1c gene with one or more mutations disclosed herein is from 1-10% or from 10-30% or from 30-50% or from 50-70% or from 70-80% or from 80-90% or from 90-95% of the activity level of the wild type Lpx-B1.1c protein.

In yet another embodiment, the lipoxygenase activity of the Lpx1 protein from the Lpx-B1.2 gene with one or more mutations disclosed herein is reduced to 0-1, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14,15, 16, 17,18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 69, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 86, 97, 98, 99% and by more than 99% of the activity level of the wild type Lpx-B1.2 protein.

In yet another embodiment, the lipoxygenase activity of the Lpx1 protein from the Lpx-B1.2 gene with one or more mutations disclosed herein is from 1-10% or from 10-30% or from 30-50% or from 50-70% or from 70-80% or from 80-90% or from 90-95% of the activity level of the wild type Lpx-B1.2 protein.

In yet another embodiment, the lipoxygenase activity of the Lpx1 protein from the Lpx-B1.3 gene with one or more mutations disclosed herein is reduced to 0-1, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14,15, 16, 17,18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 69, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 86, 97, 98, 99% and by more than 99% of the activity level of the wild type Lpx-B1.3 protein.

In yet another embodiment, the lipoxygenase activity of the Lpx1 protein produced from the Lpx-B1.3 gene with one or more mutations disclosed herein is from 1-10% or from 10-30% or from 30-50% or from 50-70% or from 70-80% or from 80-90% or from 90-95% of the activity level of the wild type Lpx-B1.3 protein.

C. Oxidative Stability/Increased Shelf Life

In yet another embodiment, the disclosure relates to one or more non-transgenic mutations in an Lpx1 gene (as discussed above in the section entitled Lpx1 Mutations) that results in increased shelf life. In yet another embodiment, the disclosure relates to one or more non-transgenic mutations in an Lpx1 gene (as discussed above in the section entitled Lpx1 Mutations) that results in increased oxidative stability of flour made from wheat grains with one or more Lpx1 mutations as compared to wild type wheat grains. In one embodiment, the non-transgenic mutations include but are not limited to the mutations recited in Tables 1-3, corresponding mutations in homoeologues, and combinations thereof.

In yet another embodiment, the shelf life of whole grain flour made from wheat grains with one or more Lpx1 mutations disclosed herein is increased from the typical shelf life of whole grain flour. Millers commonly stamp ‘use by’ dates of 3-9 months after milling for whole grain flour in the United States, but this shelf life can be reduced to 1-3 months by high storage temperatures and humidity. Shelf life can be determined by sensory characteristics of the flour and products made from it including color, flavor, texture, aroma, performance or overall preference of the finished product. Trained panelists can be used to assess differences between materials.

In yet another embodiment, shelf life of whole grain flour made from wheat grain with one or more mutations disclosed herein is increased by 1-9 months, or 2-10 months, or 3-11 months, or 4-12 months, or 5-13 months, or 6-14 months, or 7-15 months, or 8-16 months, or 9-17 months, or 10-18 months or 11-19 months, or 12-20 months, or 13-21 months, or 14-22 months, or 15-23 or 16-24 months as compared to the shelf life of whole grain flour made from wild-type grain.

In yet another embodiment, shelf life of whole grain flour made from wheat grain with one or more mutations disclosed herein is increased by 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 13 months, 14 months, 15 months, 16 months, 17 months, 18 months, 19 months, 20 months, 21 months, 22 months, 23 months, 24 months, 25 months, 26 months, 27 months, 28 months, 29 months, 30 months, or greater than 30 months as compared to the shelf life of whole grain flour made from wild-type grain.

In yet another embodiment, the oxidative stability of whole grain flour made from wheat grain with one or more mutations disclosed herein is increased due to the decreased production of the decomposition products of fatty acids that can affect the smell or flavor of the product. Not to be bound by any particular theory, the oxidative stability of whole grain flour made from wheat grain with one or more mutations disclosed herein is increased due to the decreased production of the decomposition products of fatty acids.

In yet another embodiment, the production of decomposition products of fatty acids, including but not limited to hexanal, or nonenal, or trihydroxydecanoic acid, among others is decreased in whole grain flour made from wheat grain with one or more mutations disclosed herein.

In still another embodiment, the production of decomposition products of fatty acids, including but not limited to hexanal, or nonenal, or trihydroxydecanoic acid, is decreased in whole grain flour made from wheat grain with one or more mutations disclosed herein by 0-1, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14,15, 16, 17,18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 69, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 86, 97, 98, 99% and by more than 99% as compared to the production of degradation products of fatty acids in whole grain flour made from the wild-type grain.

In another embodiment, the production of decomposition products of fatty acids, including but not limited to hexanal, or nonenal, or trihydroxydecanoic acid, is decreased in whole grain flour made from wheat grain with one or more mutations disclosed herein from 1% to 5%, or from 5% to 10%, or from 10% to 15%, or from 15% to 20%, or from 20% to 25%, or from 25% to 30%, or from 30% to 35%, or from 35% to 40%, or from 40% to 45%, or from 45% to 50%, or from 50% to 55%, or from 55% to 60%, or from 65% to 70%, or from 70% to 75%, or from 75% to 80%, or from 80% to 85%, or from 85% to 90%, or from 90% to 95%, or from 95% to 99%, or by more than 99% as compared to the production of degradation products of fatty acids in whole grain flour made from the wild-type grain.

In another embodiment, the production of decomposition products of fatty acids, including but not limited to hexanal, or nonenal, or trihydroxydecanoic acid, is decreased in whole grain flour made from wheat grain with one or more mutations disclosed herein by at least 5%, or at least 10%, or at least 15%, or at least 20%, or at least 25%, or at least 30%, or at least 35%, or at least 40%, or at least 45%, or at least 50%, or at least 55%, or at least 60%, or at least 65%, or at least 70%, or at least 75%, or at least 80%, or at least 85%, or at least 90%, or at least 95% as compared to the production of degradation products of fatty acids in whole grain flour made from the wild-type grain.

In another embodiment, the production of trihydroxydecanoic acid (pinellic acid) is decreased in whole grain flour or dough or bread or other products made from wheat grain with one or more mutations disclosed herein from 1% to 5%, or from 5% to 10%, or from 10% to 15%, or from 15% to 20%, or from 20% to 25%, or from 25% to 30%, or from 30% to 35%, or from 35% to 40%, or from 40% to 45%, or from 45% to 50%, or from 50% to 55%, or from 55% to 60%, or from 65% to 70%, or from 70% to 75%, or from 75% to 80%, or from 80% to 85%, or from 85% to 90%, or from 90% to 95%, or from 95% to 99%, or by more than 99% as compared to the production of pinellic acid in whole grain flour made from the wild-type grain.

In another embodiment, the production of trihydroxydecanoic acid (pinellic acid) is decreased in whole grain flour or dough or bread or other products made from wheat grain with one or more mutations disclosed herein by at least 5%, or at least 10%, or at least 15%, or at least 20%, or at least 25%, or at least 30%, or at least 35%, or at least 40%, or at least 45%, or at least 50%, or at least 55%, or at least 60%, or at least 65%, or at least 70%, or at least 75%, or at least 80%, or at least 85%, or at least 90%, or at least 95% as compared to the production of pinellic acid in whole grain flour made from the wild-type grain.

III. Transgenes

In one embodiment, the disclosure relates to a transgenic plant that comprises a transgene that encodes a polynucleotide, which down-regulates the expression of the Lpx1 gene and/or the activity of the Lpx1 protein. Examples of such polynucleotides include, but are not limited to, antisense polynucleotide, a sense polynucleotide, a catalytic polynucleotide, an artificial microRNA or a duplex RNA molecule.

In one embodiment, the disclosure relates to a wheat plant comprising a transgene that reduces the expression of the Lpx1 gene and/or activity of the Lpx1 protein, wherein grain from the wheat plant has increased oxidative stability or increased shelf-life as compared to grains from a wild type plant.

A. Antisense Polynucleotides

The term “antisense polynucletoide” shall be taken to refer to a DNA or RNA, or combination thereof, molecule that is complementary to at least a portion of a specific mRNA molecule encoding Lpx1 and capable of interfering with a post-transcriptional event such as mRNA translation.

An antisense polynucleotide in a plant will hybridize to a target polynucleotide under physiological conditions. As used herein, the term “an antisense polynucleotide which hybridizes under physiological conditions” means that the polynucleotide (which is fully or partially single stranded) is at least capable of forming a double stranded polynucleotide with mRNA encoding a protein.

Antisense molecules may include sequences that correspond to the structural gene or for sequences that effect control over the gene expression or splicing event. For example, the antisense sequence may correspond to the targeted coding region of Lpx1 or the 5′-untranslated region (UTR) or the 3′-UTR or combination of these. It may be complementary in part to intron sequences, which may be spliced out during or after transcription, preferably only to exon sequences of the target gene. In view of the generally greater divergence of the UTRs, targeting these regions provides greater specificity of gene inhibition.

The length of the antisense sequence should be at least 19 contiguous nucleotides, preferably at least 50 nucleotides, and more preferably at least 100, 200, 500 or 1000 nucleotides. The full-length sequence complementary to the entire gene transcript may be used. The length is most preferably 100-2000 nucleotides. The degree of identity of the antisense sequence to the targeted transcript should be at least 90% and more preferably 95-100%. The antisense RNA molecule may of course comprise unrelated sequences, which may function to stabilize the molecule.

B. Catalytic Polynucleotides

The term catalytic polynucleotide/nucleic acid refers to a DNA molecule or DNA-containing molecule (also known in the art as a “deoxyribozyme”) or an RNA or RNA-containing molecule (also known as a “ribozyme”) which specifically recognizes a distinct substrate and catalyzes the chemical modification of this substrate. The nucleic acid bases in the catalytic nucleic acid can be bases A, C, G, T (and U for RNA).

Typically, the catalytic nucleic acid contains an antisense sequence for specific recognition of a target nucleic acid, and a nucleic acid cleaving enzymatic activity (also referred to herein as the “catalytic domain”).

The ribozymes in plants disclosed herein and DNA encoding the ribozymes can be chemically synthesized using methods well known in the art. The ribozymes can also be prepared from a DNA molecule (that upon transcription, yields an RNA molecule) operably linked to an RNA polymerase promoter, e.g., the promoter for T7 RNA polymerase or SP6 RNA polymerase. When the vector also contains an RNA polymerase promoter operably linked to the DNA molecule, the ribozyme can be produced in vitro upon incubation with RNA polymerase and nucleotides. In a separate embodiment, the DNA can be inserted into an expression cassette or transcription cassette. After synthesis, the RNA molecule can be modified by ligation to a DNA molecule having the ability to stabilize the ribozyme and make it resistant to RNase.

As with antisense polynucleotides described herein, the catalytic polynucleotides should also be capable of hybridizing a target nucleic acid molecule (for example mRNA encoding LPX1) under “physiological conditions,” namely those conditions within a plant cell.

C. RNA Interference

RNA interference (RNAi) is particularly useful for specifically inhibiting the production of a particular protein. This technology relies on the presence of dsRNA molecules that contain a sequence that is essentially identical to the mRNA of the gene of interest or part thereof. Conveniently, the dsRNA can be produced from a single promoter in a recombinant vector or host cell, where the sense and anti-sense sequences are flanked by an unrelated sequence which enables the sense and anti-sense sequences to hybridize to form the dsRNA molecule with the unrelated sequence forming a loop structure. The design and production of suitable dsRNA molecules for the present invention is well within the capacity of a person skilled in the art, particularly considering, WO 99/32619, WO 99/53050, WO 99/49029, and WO 01/34815.

In one example, a DNA is introduced that directs the synthesis of an at least partly double stranded (duplex) RNA product(s) with homology to the target gene to be inactivated. The DNA therefore comprises both sense and antisense sequences that, when transcribed into RNA, can hybridize to form the double-stranded RNA region. In a preferred embodiment, the sense and antisense sequences are separated by a spacer region that comprises an intron which, when transcribed into RNA, is spliced out. This arrangement has been shown to result in a higher efficiency of gene silencing. The double-stranded region may comprise one or two RNA molecules, transcribed from either one DNA region or two. The presence of the double stranded molecule is thought to trigger a response from an endogenous plant system that destroys both the double stranded RNA and also the homologous RNA transcript from the target plant gene, efficiently reducing or eliminating the activity of the target gene.

The length of the sense and antisense sequences that hybridize should each be at least 19 contiguous nucleotides, preferably at least 30 or 50 nucleotides, and more preferably at least 100, 200, 500 or 1000 nucleotides. The full-length sequence corresponding to the entire gene transcript may be used. The lengths are most preferably 100-2000 nucleotides. The degree of identity of the sense and antisense sequences to the targeted transcript should be at least 85%, preferably at least 90% and more preferably 95-100%. The RNA molecule may of course comprise unrelated sequences which may function to stabilize the molecule. The RNA molecule may be expressed under the control of a RNA polymerase II or RNA polymerase III promoter. Examples of the latter include tRNA or snRNA promoters.

In one embodiment, small interfering RNA (“siRNA”) molecules comprise a nucleotide sequence that is identical to about 19-21 contiguous nucleotides of the target mRNA. Preferably, the target mRNA sequence commences with the dinucleotide AA, comprises a GC-content of about 30-70% (preferably, 30-60%, more preferably 40-60% and more preferably about 45%-55%), and does not have a high percentage identity to any nucleotide sequence other than the target in the genome of the barley plant in which it is to be introduced, e.g., as determined by standard BLAST search.

D. microRNA

MicroRNA regulation is a clearly specialized branch of the RNA silencing pathway that evolved towards gene regulation, diverging from conventional RNAi/Post transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS). MicroRNAs are a specific class of small RNAs that are encoded in gene-like elements organized in a characteristic inverted repeat. When transcribed, microRNA genes give rise to stem-looped precursor RNAs from which the microRNAs are subsequently processed. MicroRNAs are typically about 21 nucleotides in length. The released miRNAs are incorporated into RISC-like complexes containing a particular subset of Argonaute proteins that exert sequence-specific gene repression.

E. Co-Suppression

Another molecular biological approach that may be used is co-suppression. The mechanism of co-suppression is not well understood but is thought to involve post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) and in that regard may be very similar to many examples of antisense suppression. It involves introducing an extra copy of a gene or a fragment thereof into a plant in the sense orientation with respect to a promoter for its expression. The size of the sense fragment, its correspondence to target gene regions, and its degree of sequence identity to the target gene are as for the antisense sequences described above. In some instances the additional copy of the gene sequence interferes with the expression of the target plant gene. Reference is made to WO 97/20936 and EP 0465572 for methods of implementing co-suppression approaches.

IV. Genomic Editing

In one embodiment, the disclosure relates to a plant with reduced expression of the Lpx1 gene and/or reduced activity of the Lpx1 protein, wherein reduced expression of the Lpx1 gene and/or reduced activity of the Lpx1 protein is achieved by genomic editing.

In one embodiment, the disclosure relates to a wheat plant with a genomically edited Lpx1 gene, wherein grain from the wheat plant has increase oxidative stability or increased shelf life as compared to grains from a wild type plant.

Genome editing, or genome editing with engineered nucleases (GEEN), is a type of genetic engineering in which DNA is inserted, replaced, or removed from a genome using artificially engineered nucleases, or “molecular scissors.” The nucleases create specific double-stranded breaks (DSBs) at desired locations in the genome, and harness the cell's endogenous mechanisms to repair the induced break by natural processes of homologous recombination (HR) and nonhomologous end-joining (NHEJ). There are currently four main families of engineered nucleases being used: Zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs), Transcription Activator-Like Effector Nucleases (TALENs), the CRISPR/Cas system, and engineered meganuclease with a re-engineered homing endonucleases.

A. Zinc Finger Nucleases (ZFNs)

Zinc-finger nucleases (ZFNs) are artificial restriction enzymes generated by fusing a zinc finger DNA-binding domain to a DNA-cleavage domain. Zinc finger domains can be engineered to target specific desired DNA sequences and this enables zinc-finger nucleases to target unique sequences within complex genomes. By taking advantage of endogenous DNA repair machinery, these reagents can be used to precisely alter the genomes of higher organisms.

ZFNs consist of an engineered zinc finger DNA-binding domain fused to the cleavage domain of the FokI restriction endonuclease. ZFNs can be used to induce double-stranded breaks (DSBs) in specific DNA sequences and thereby promote site-specific homologous recombination with an exogenous template. The exogenous template contains the sequence that is to be introduced into the genome.

Publicly available methods for engineering zinc finger domains include: (1) Context-dependent Assembly (CoDA), (2) Oligomerized Pool Engineering (OPEN), and (3) Modular Assembly.

In one embodiment, the disclosure relates to reducing expression of the Lpx1 gene and/or reducing activity of the Lpx1 protein using ZFNs.

B. Transcription Activator-Like Effector Nucleases (TALENs)

TALEN is a sequence-specific endonuclease that consists of a transcription activator-like effector (TALE) and a FokI endonuclease. TALE is a DNA-binding protein that has a highly conserved central region with tandem repeat units of 34 amino acids. The base preference for each repeat unit is determined by two amino acid residues called the repeat-variable, di-residue (RVD), which recognizes one specific nucleotide in the target DNA. Arrays of DNA-binding repeat units can be customized for targeting specific DNA sequences. As with ZFNs, dimerization of two TALENs on targeted specific sequences in a genome results in FokI-dependent introduction of DSBs, stimulating homology directed repair (HDR) and Non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) repair mechanisms.

In one embodiment, the disclosure relates to reducing expression of the Lpx1 gene and/or reducing activity of the Lpx1 protein using TALENs.

C. CRISPR/Cas System

The Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR) Type II system is an RNA-Guided Endonuclease technology for genome engineering. There are two distinct components to this system: (1) a guide RNA and (2) an endonuclease, in this case the CRISPR associated (Cas) nuclease, Cas9.

The guide RNA is a combination of the endogenous bacterial crRNA and tracrRNA into a single chimeric guide RNA (gRNA) transcript. The gRNA combines the targeting specificity of the crRNA with the scaffolding properties of the tracrRNA into a single transcript. When the gRNA and the Cas9 are expressed in the cell, the genomic target sequence can be modified or permanently disrupted.

The gRNA/Cas9 complex is recruited to the target sequence by the base-pairing between the gRNA sequence and the complementarity to the target sequence in the genomic DNA. For successful binding of Cas9, the genomic target sequence must also contain the correct Protospacer Adjacent Motif (PAM) sequence immediately following the target sequence. The binding of the gRNA/Cas9 complex localizes the Cas9 to the genomic target sequence so that the wild-type Cas9 can cut both strands of DNA causing a Double Strand Break (DSB). Cas9 will cut 3-4 nucleotides upstream of the PAM sequence. A DSB can be repaired through one of two general repair pathways: (1) NHEJ DNA repair pathway or (2) the HDR pathway. The NHEJ repair pathway often results in insertions/deletions (InDels) at the DSB site that can lead to frameshifts and/or premature stop codons, effectively disrupting the open reading frame (ORF) of the targeted gene.

The HDR pathway requires the presence of a repair template, which is used to fix the DSB. HDR faithfully copies the sequence of the repair template to the cut target sequence. Specific nucleotide changes can be introduced into a targeted gene by the use of HDR with a repair template.

In one embodiment, the disclosure relates to reducing expression of the Lpx1 gene and/or reducing activity of the Lpx1 protein using the CRISPR/cas9 system.

D. Meganuclease with Re-Engineered Homing Nuclease

Meganucleases are endodeoxyribonucleases characterized by a large recognition site (double-stranded DNA sequences of 12 to 40 base pairs); as a result this site generally occurs only once in any given genome. For example, the 18-base pair sequence recognized by the I-SceI meganuclease would on average require a genome twenty times the size of the human genome to be found once by chance (although sequences with a single mismatch occur about three times per human-sized genome). Meganucleases are therefore considered to be the most specific naturally occurring restriction enzymes.

Among meganucleases, the LAGLIDADG family of homing endonucleases has become a valuable tool for the study of genomes and genome engineering over the past fifteen years. By modifying their recognition sequence through protein engineering, the targeted sequence can be changed.

In one embodiment, the disclosure relates to reducing expression of the Lpx1 gene and/or reducing activity of the Lpx1 protein using a meganuclease with a re-engineered homing nuclease.

V. Wheat Cultivars

In one embodiment, a wheat cultivar having at least one Lpx gene that is diploid, tetraploid, or hexaploid may be used. In another embodiment, the wheat is Triticum aestivum.

In one embodiment, any cultivar of wheat can be used to create mutations in an Lpx gene. In one embodiment, any cultivar of wheat can be used to create mutations in an Lpx-D1 gene. In another embodiment, any cultivar of wheat can be used to create mutations in an Lpx-B1.1a gene. In another embodiment, any cultivar of wheat can be used to create mutations in an Lpx-B1.1b gene. In another embodiment, any cultivar of wheat can be used to create mutations in an Lpx-B1.1c gene. In another embodiment, any cultivar of wheat can be used to create mutations in an Lpx-B1.2 gene. In another embodiment, any cultivar of wheat can be used to create mutations in an Lpx-B1.3 gene. In another embodiment, any cultivar of wheat can be used to create mutations in an Lpx-A1 gene.

In one embodiment, any cultivar of wheat can be used as lines to cross Lpx mutations into different cultivars.

In another embodiment, any cultivar of wheat having at least one Lpx gene may be used including but not limited to hard red spring wheat, hard white winter wheat, durum wheat, soft white spring wheat, soft white winter wheat, hard red winter wheat, common wheat, spelt wheat, emmer wheat, pasta wheat and turgidum wheat.

In one embodiment, hard red spring wheat includes but is not limited to Bullseye, Cabernet, Cal Rojo, Hank, Joaquin, Kelse, Lariat, Lassik, Malbec, Mika, PR 1404, Redwing, Summit 515, SY 314, Triple IV, Ultra, WB-Patron, WB-Rockland, Yecora Rojo, Accord, Aim, Anza, Baker, Beth Hashita, Bonus, Borah, Brim, Brooks, Buck Pronto, Butte 86, Cavalier, Challenger, Chief, Ciano T79, Colusa, Companion, Copper, Cuyama, Dash 12, Eldon, Enano, Express, Expresso, Jefferson, Genero F81, Grandin, Helena 554, Hollis, Imuris T79, Inia 66R, Jerome, Kern, Len, Marshall, McKay, Nomad, Northwest 10, Oslo, Pavon F76, Pegasus, Pitic 62, Poco Red, Powell, Probrand 711, Probrand 751, Probrand 771, Probrand 775, Probred, Prointa Queguay, Prointa Quintal, Rich, RSI 5, Sagittario, Scarlet, Serra, Shasta, Solano, Spillman, Sprite, Stander, Stellar, Stoa, Success, Summit, Sunstar 2, Sunstar King, Tadinia, Tammy, Tanori 71, Tara 2000, Tempo, Tesia T79, Topic, UI Winchester, Vance, Vandal, W444, Wampum, Wared, WB-Fuzion, Westbred 906R, Westbred 911, Westbred 926, Westbred 936, Westbred Discovery, Westbred Rambo, Yolo, and Zeke.

In another embodiment, hard white wheat includes but is not limited to Blanca Fuerte, Blanca Grande 515, Blanca Royale, Clear White, Patwin, Patwin 515, WB-Cristallo, WB-Paloma, WB-Perla, Alta Blanca, Blanca Grande, Delano, Golden Spike, ID377S, Klasic, Lochsa, Lolo, Macon, Otis, Phoenix, Pima 77, Plata, Pristine, Ramona 50, Siete Cerros 66, Vaiolet, and Winsome.

In yet another embodiment, durum wheat includes but is not limited to Crown, Desert King, Desert King HP, Duraking, Fortissimo, Havasu, Kronos, Maestrale, Normanno, Orita, Platinum, Q-Max, RSI 59, Saragolla, Tango, Tipai, Topper, Utopia, Volante, WB-Mead, Westmore, Aldente, Aldura, Altar 84, Aruba, Bittern, Bravadur, Candura, Cortez, Deluxe, Desert Titan, Durex, Durfort, Eddie, Germains 5003D, Imperial, Kofa, Levante, Matt, Mead, Mexicali 75, Minos, Modoc, Mohawk, Nudura, Ocotillo, Produra, Reva, Ria, Septre, Sky, Tacna, Titan, Trump, Ward, Westbred 803, Westbred 881, Westbred 883, Westbred 1000D, Westbred Laker, Westbred Turbo, and Yavaros 79.

In another embodiment, soft white spring wheat includes but is not limited to Alpowa, Alturas, Babe, Diva, JD, New Dirkwin, Nick, Twin, Whit, Blanca, Bliss, Calorwa, Centennial, Challis, Dirkwin, Eden, Edwall, Fielder, Fieldwin, Jubilee, Louise, Owens, Penawawa, Pomerelle, Sterling, Sunstar Promise, Super Dirkwin, Treasure, UI Cataldo, UI Pettit, Urquie, Vanna, Waduel, Waduel 94, Wakanz, Walladay, Wawawai, Whitebird, and Zak.

In still another embodiment, soft white winter wheat includes but is not limited to AP Badger, AP Legacy, Brundage 96, Bruneau, Cara, Goetze, Legion, Mary, Skiles, Stephens, SY Ovation, Tubbs, WB-Junction, WB-528, Xerpha, Yamhill, Barbee, Basin, Bitterroot, Bruehl, Castan, Chukar, Coda, Daws, Edwin, Eltan, Faro, Finch, Foote, Gene, Hill 81, Hiller, Hubbard, Hyak, Hyslop, Idaho 587, Kmor, Lambert, Lewjain, MacVicar, Madsen, Malcolm, Masami, McDermid, Moro, Nugaines, ORCF-101, ORCF-102, ORCF-103, Rod, Rohde, Rulo, Simon, Salute, Temple, Tres, Tubbs 06, UICF-Brundage, WB-523, and Weatherford.

In another embodiment, hard red winter wheat includes but is not limited to Andrews, Archer, Batum, Blizzard, Bonneville, Boundary, Declo, Deloris, Finley, Garland, Hatton, Hoff, Longhorn, Manning, Meridian, Promontory, Vona, Wanser, Winridge.

In another embodiment, common wheat (hexaploid, free threshing), Triticum aestivum ssp aestivum includes but is not limited to Sonora, Wit Wolkoring, Chiddam Blanc De Mars, India-Jammu, Foisy.

In still another embodiment, spelt wheat (hexaploid, not free threshing), Triticum aestivum ssp spelta includes but is not limited to Spanish Spelt, Swiss Spelt.

In yet another embodiment, Emmer Wheat (tetraploid), Triticum turgidum ssp. dicoccum includes but is not limited to Ethiopian Blue Tinge.

In another embodiment, pasta wheat (tetraploid, free threshing), Triticum turgidum ssp durum includes but is not limited to Blue Beard, Durum-Iraq.

In yet another embodiment, Turgidum Wheat (tetraploid, free threshing), Triticum turgidum ssp turgidum includes but is not limited to Akmolinka, Maparcha.

In one embodiment, a cultivar of wheat having at least one Lpx1 gene with substantial percent identity to SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 5, and SEQ ID NO. 15 may be used with the methods and compositions disclosed herein.

As used herein with regard to the wheat cultivars, “substantial percent identity” means that the DNA sequence of the gene is sufficiently similar to SEQ ID NO: 1, 2, 4, and 5 at the nucleotide level to code for a substantially similar protein, allowing for allelic differences (or alternate mRNA splicing) between cultivars. In accordance with one embodiment of the invention, “substantial percent identity” may be present when the percent identity in the coding region between the Lpx1 gene and SEQ ID NO: 1, 2, 4, and 5 is as low as about 85%, provided that the percent identity in the conserved regions of the gene is higher (e.g., at least about 90%). Preferably the percent identity in the coding region is 85-90%, more preferably 90-95%, and optimally, it is above 95%. Thus, one of skill in the art may prefer to utilize a wheat cultivar having commercial popularity or one having specific desired characteristics in which to create the Lpx1-mutated wheat plants, without deviating from the scope and intent of the present invention. Alternatively, one of skill in the art may prefer to utilize a wheat cultivar having few polymorphisms, such as an in-bred cultivar, in order to facilitate screening for mutations within one or more Lpx1 genes in accordance with the present invention.

VI. Representative Methodology for Identification of Lpx1 Mutations

In order to create and identify the Lpx1 mutations and wheat plants disclosed herein, a method known as TILLING (Targeting Induced Local Lesions IN Genomes) was utilized. See McCallum et al., Nature Biotechnology 18:455-457, 2000; McCallum et al., Plant Physiology, 123:439-442, 2000; U.S. Publication No. 20040053236; and U.S. Pat. No. 5,994,075, all of which are incorporated herein by reference. In the basic TILLING methodology, plant materials, such as seeds, are subjected to chemical mutagenesis, which creates a series of mutations within the genomes of the seeds' cells. The mutagenized seeds are grown into adult M1 plants and self-pollinated. DNA samples from the resulting M2 plants are pooled and are then screened for mutations in a gene of interest. Once a mutation is identified in a gene of interest, the seeds of the M2 plant carrying that mutation are grown into adult M3 plants and screened for the phenotypic characteristics associated with the gene of interest.

The hexaploid cultivar Express was used.

In one embodiment, seeds from wheat are mutagenized and then grown into M1 plants. The M1 plants are then allowed to self-pollinate and seeds from the M1 plant are grown into M2 plants, which are then screened for mutations in their Lpx1 loci. While M1 plants can be screened for mutations in accordance with alternative embodiments of the invention, one advantage of screening the M2 plants is that all somatic mutations correspond to germline mutations.

One of skill in the art will understand that a variety of wheat plant materials, including, but not limited to, seeds, pollen, plant tissue or plant cells, may be mutagenized in order to create the Lpx-mutated wheat plants disclosed herein. However, the type of plant material mutagenized may affect when the plant DNA is screened for mutations. For example, when pollen is subjected to mutagenesis prior to pollination of a non-mutagenized plant, the seeds resulting from that pollination are grown into M1 plants. Every cell of the M1 plants will contain mutations created in the pollen, thus these M1 plants may then be screened for Lpx1 mutations instead of waiting until the M2 generation.

Mutagens that create primarily point mutations and deletions, insertions, transversions, and or transitions, such as chemical mutagens or radiation, may be used to create the mutations. Mutagens conforming with the method of the invention include, but are not limited to, ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS), methylmethane sulfonate (MMS), N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU), triethylmelamine (TEM), N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU), procarbazine, chlorambucil, cyclophosphamide, diethyl sulfate, acrylamide monomer, melphalan, nitrogen mustard, vincristine, dimethylnitrosamine, N-methyl-N′-nitro-Nitrosoguanidine (MNNG), nitrosoguanidine, 2-aminopurine, 7, 12 dimethyl-benz(a)anthracene (DMBA), ethylene oxide, hexamethylphosphoramide, bisulfan, diepoxyalkanes (diepoxyoctane (DEO), diepoxybutane (BEB), and the like), 2-methoxy-6-chloro-9[3-(ethyl-2-chloro-ethyl)aminopropylamino] acridine dihydrochloride (ICR-170), formaldehyde, fast neutrons, and gamma irradiation. Spontaneous mutations in a Lpx1 gene that may not have been directly caused by the mutagen can also be identified.

Other methods such as genome editing can also be used to alter the sequence of a target gene including its promoter to up or down regulate expression or activity. These methods are known to those skilled in the art, and include CRISPR, Talens, Zinc finger nucleases and miRNA among other methods. For example, see a review of these methods by Xiong et al. Horticulture Research 2: 15019, 2015.

Any suitable method of plant DNA preparation now known or hereafter devised may be used to prepare the wheat plant DNA for Lpx1 mutation screening. For example, see Chen & Ronald, Plant Molecular Biology Reporter 17:53-57, 1999; Stewart and Via, Bio Techniques 14:748-749, 1993. Additionally, several commercial kits designed for this purpose are available, including kits from Qiagen (Valencia, Calif.) and Qbiogene (Carlsbad, Calif.).

In one embodiment, prepared DNA from individual wheat plants are pooled in order to expedite screening for mutations in one or more Lpx1 genes of the entire population of plants originating from the mutagenized plant tissue. The size of the pooled group may be dependent upon the sensitivity of the screening method used. Preferably, groups of two or more individual wheat plants are pooled.

In another embodiment, after the DNA samples are pooled, the pools are subjected to Lpx1 sequence-specific amplification techniques, such as Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). For a general overview of PCR, see PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications (Innis, Gelfand, Sninsky, and White, eds.), Academic Press, San Diego, 1990.

Any primer specific to an Lpx1 locus or the sequences immediately adjacent to one of these loci may be utilized to amplify the Lpx1 sequences within the pooled DNA sample. Preferably, the primer is designed to amplify the regions of the Lpx1 locus where useful mutations are most likely to arise. Most preferably, the primer is designed to detect exonic regions of one or more Lpx1 genes. Additionally, it is preferable for the primer to target known polymorphic sites to design genome specific primers in order to ease screening for point mutations in a particular genome.

In one embodiment, primers are designed based upon the Lpx-D1 and Lpx-B1.2 DNA sequences (SEQ ID NOs: 1, 2, 4, 5 and 15). Exemplary primers (SEQ ID NOs: 7-14,16 and 17) that have proven useful in identifying useful mutations within the Lpx1 sequences are shown in Table 4. These primers are also detailed in the Sequence Listing appended hereto.

TABLE 4 Exemplary TILLING Primers SEQ ID NO: 7 TaLpx1D_4_L-1 TGGTGAGAGCACGCAAATCTTACTTGG SEQ ID NO: 8 TaLpxB1.2-D1-5R1 CGTTTCAATCATAGGTCAGTTGTGCATCGA SEQ ID NO: 9 TaLpx1D_67_R_3 CGCGTACGGGTAGTCCGACACCAGAAG SEQ ID NO: 10 TaLpx1D_In1_L4 GCATGCCATGGAAAGAAGAGACAATAGTAGC SEQ ID NO: 11 TaLpx1D_3_R-1 TGCGTGCTCTCACCATGGACAACATACATA SEQ ID NO: 12 TaLpx1D_Ex5_L6 GCAGGCGCTGGAAAGTAACAGGCTCT SEQ ID NO: 13 TaLpx1D_Ex7_R3 TGGACGAGACGAAGCTCCGATGTACCA SEQ ID NO: 14 TaLpx1.2B_4_L-1 GAGGTGAGAGCGTGCCTGATCTTAATTTG SEQ ID NO: 16 LpxD1proL TCATGCCGCTGATCGTCGC SEQ ID NO: 17 LpxD1proR CTTGCTGCTATTTCAGTACCG

In another embodiment, the PCR amplification products may be screened for Lpx1 mutations using any method that identifies nucleotide differences between wild type and mutant sequences. These may include, for example, without limitation, sequencing, denaturing high pressure liquid chromatography (dHPLC), constant denaturant capillary electrophoresis (CDCE), temperature gradient capillary electrophoresis (TGCE) (see Li et al., Electrophoresis 23(10):1499-1511, 2002), or by fragmentation using enzymatic cleavage, such as used in the high throughput method described by Colbert et al., Plant Physiology 126:480-484, 2001. Preferably, the PCR amplification products are incubated with an endonuclease that preferentially cleaves mismatches in heteroduplexes between wild type and mutant sequences.

In another embodiment, cleavage products are electrophoresed using an automated sequencing gel apparatus, and gel images are analyzed with the aid of a standard commercial image-processing program.

In yet another embodiment, once an M2 plant having a mutated Lpx1 gene sequence is identified, the mutations are analyzed to determine their effect on the expression, translation, and/or activity of an Lpx1 enzyme. In one embodiment, the PCR fragment containing the mutation is sequenced, using standard sequencing techniques, in order to determine the exact location of the mutation in relation to the overall Lpx1 sequence. Each mutation is evaluated in order to predict its impact on protein function (i.e., from completely tolerated to causing loss-of-function) using bioinformatics tools such as SIFT (Sorting Intolerant from Tolerant; Ng and Henikoff, Nucleic Acids Research 31:3812-3814, 2003), PSSM (Position-Specific Scoring Matrix; Henikoff and Henikoff, Computer Applications in the Biosciences 12:135-143, 1996) and PARSESNP (Taylor and Greene, Nucleic Acids Research 31:3808-3811, 2003). For example, a SIFT score that is less than 0.05 and a large change in PSSM score (e.g., roughly 10 or above) indicate a mutation that is likely to have a deleterious effect on protein function. These programs are known to be predictive, and it is understood by those skilled in the art that the predicted outcomes are not always accurate.

In another embodiment, if the initial assessment of a mutation in the M2 plant indicates it to be of a useful nature and in a useful position within an Lpx1 gene, including its promoter, then further phenotypic analysis of the wheat plant containing that mutation may be pursued. In hexaploid wheat, mutations in each of the A, B and D genomes usually must be combined before a phenotype can be detected. In tetraploid wheat, A and B genome mutations are combined. In addition, the mutation containing plant can be backcrossed or outcrossed two times or more in order to eliminate background mutations at any generation. Then the backcrossed or outcrossed plant can be self-pollinated or crossed in order to create plants that are homozygous for the Lpx1 mutations.

Several physical characteristics of these homozygous Lpx1 mutant plants are assessed to determine if the mutation results in a useful phenotypic change in the wheat plant without resulting in undesirable negative effects, such as significantly reduced seed yields.

VII. Methods of Producing a Wheat Plant

In another embodiment, the disclosure relates to a method for producing a wheat plant with increased oxidative stability. In another embodiment, the invention relates to a method for producing a wheat plant with an increased shelf-life.

In another embodiment, the disclosure relates to a method of out-crossing Lpx1 gene mutations to wild type wheat.

In another embodiment, the disclosure relates to a method for producing a wheat plant having increased oxidative stability and products from grain of said wheat plant having increased shelf life. In still another embodiment, the invention relates to a method for producing a wheat plant having reduced activity of one or more Lpx1 enzymes compared to the wild type wheat plants.

In one embodiment, the method comprises inducing at least one non-transgenic mutation in at least one copy of an Lpx1 gene in plant material or plant parts from a parent wheat plant; growing or using the mutagenized plant material to produce progeny wheat plants; analyzing mutagenized plant material and/or progeny wheat plants to detect at least one mutation in at least one copy of a Lpx1 gene; and selecting progeny wheat plants that have at least one mutation in at least one copy of an Lpx1 gene.

In another embodiment, the method further comprises crossing progeny wheat plants that have at least one mutation in at least one copy of an Lpx1 gene with other progeny wheat plants that have at least one mutation in a different copy of an Lpx1 gene. The process of identifying progeny wheat plants with mutations and crossing said progeny wheat plants with other progeny wheat plants, which have mutations, can be repeated to produce progeny wheat plants with reduced Lpx1 enzyme activity.

In another embodiment, the level of activity of the Lpx1 protein in the wheat plant is reduced to 0-2%, 2-5%, 5-7%, 7-10%, 10-15%, 15-20%, 20-25%, 25-30%, 30-35%, 35-40%, 40-45%, 45-50%, 50-60%, 60-70%, 70-80%, 80-90%, 90-95%, or 95-99% of the level of activity of the Lpx1 protein in the wild type plant.

A. Methods of Producing a Wheat Plant with One or More Mutations in the Lpx1 Gene in More than One Genome

In still another embodiment, the disclosure relates to a method for producing a wheat plant comprising inducing at least one non-transgenic mutation in at least one copy of an Lpx1 gene in plant material from a parent wheat plant that comprises a mutation in an Lpx1 gene; growing or using the mutagenized plant material to produce progeny wheat plants; and selecting progeny wheat plants that have at least one mutation in at least two copies of an Lpx1 gene. For example, the parent wheat plant may have a mutation in an Lpx-D1 gene of the D genome. The selected progeny wheat plants may have a mutation in an Lpx-D1 gene of the D genome and one or more mutations in the Lpx1 gene of the B genome. This example is provided merely for clarification and should not limit the methods disclosed herein.

In yet another embodiment, the invention relates to a method for producing a wheat plant comprising inducing at least one non-transgenic mutation in at least one copy of an Lpx1 gene in plant material from a parent wheat plant that comprises at least one mutation in two Lpx1 genes; growing or using the mutagenized plant material to produce progeny wheat plants; and selecting progeny wheat plants that have at least one mutation in three copies of an Lpx1 gene. In this embodiment, there would be at least one mutation in the Lpx1 gene of the A, B and D genomes.

In another embodiment, the disclosure relates to a method for producing a wheat plant comprising crossing a first wheat plant that has at least one non-transgenic mutation in a first Lpx1 gene with a second wheat plant that has at least one non-transgenic mutation in a second Lpx1 gene; and selecting progeny wheat plants that have at least one mutation in at least two copies of an Lpx1 gene.

In another embodiment, the disclosure relates to a method for producing a wheat plant comprising crossing a first wheat plant that has at least one non-transgenic mutation in a first and second Lpx1 gene with a second wheat plant that has at least one non-transgenic mutation in a third Lpx1 gene; and selecting progeny wheat plants that have at least one mutation in all three copies of an Lpx1 gene. In this embodiment, there would be at least one mutation in the Lpx1 gene of the A, B and D genomes.

VIII. Wheat Plant, Wheat Seed and Parts of Wheat Plant

In one embodiment, a wheat plant is produced according to the methods disclosed herein. In another embodiment, the wheat plant, wheat seed or parts of a wheat plant have one or more mutations in an Lpx1 gene. In another embodiment, the wheat plant, wheat seed or parts of a wheat plant have one or more mutations in Lpx1 genes.

In another embodiment, the disclosure relates to a wheat plant, wheat seed or parts of a wheat plant comprising one or more non-transgenic mutations in the Lpx1 gene. In another embodiment, the disclosure relates to a wheat plant, wheat seed or parts of a wheat plant comprising at least one non-transgenic mutation in the Lpx1 gene in each of two genomes. In still another embodiment, the disclosure relates to a wheat plant, wheat seed or parts of a wheat plant comprising at least one non-transgenic mutation in the Lpx1 gene in each of three genomes.

In one embodiment, the wheat plant, wheat seed or parts of a wheat plant comprises one or more non-transgenic mutations in both alleles of the Lpx1 gene in the A genome. In another embodiment, the non-transgenic mutations are identical in both alleles of the Lpx1 gene of the A genome.

In one embodiment, the wheat plant, wheat seed or parts of a wheat plant comprises one or more non-transgenic mutations in both alleles of the Lpx1 gene in the B genome. In another embodiment, the non-transgenic mutations are identical in both alleles of the Lpx1 gene of the B genome.

In one embodiment, the wheat plant, wheat seed or parts of a wheat plant comprises one or more non-transgenic mutations in both alleles of the Lpx1 gene in the D genome. In another embodiment, the non-transgenic mutations are identical in both alleles of the Lpx1 gene of the D genome.

In another embodiment, the wheat plant, wheat seed or parts of the wheat plant comprise a polynucleotide with one or more non-transgenic mutations listed in Table 1 and is 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or greater than 99% identical or similar to SEQ ID NO: 4.

In still another embodiment, the wheat plant, wheat seed or parts of a wheat plant comprise a polynucleotide with one or more non-transgenic mutations listed in Table 1 that codes for a Lpx1 protein, wherein the Lpx1 protein comprises one or more non-transgenic mutations and is 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or greater than 99% identical or similar to SEQ ID NO: 6.

In another embodiment, the wheat plant, wheat seed or parts of the wheat plant comprise a polynucleotide with one or more non-transgenic mutations and is 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or greater than 99% identical or similar to SEQ ID NO: 4.

In still another embodiment, the wheat plant, wheat seed or parts of a wheat plant comprise a polynucleotide with one or more non-transgenic mutations that codes for a Lpx1 protein, wherein the Lpx1 protein comprises one or more non-transgenic mutations and is 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or greater than 99% identical or similar to SEQ ID NO: 6.

In another embodiment, the wheat plant, wheat seed or parts of the wheat plant comprise a polynucleotide with one or more non-transgenic mutations listed in Table 2 and is 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or greater than 99% identical or similar to SEQ ID NO: 1.

In still another embodiment, the wheat plant, wheat seed or parts of a wheat plant comprise a polynucleotide with one or more non-transgenic mutations listed in Table 2 that codes for a Lpx1 protein, wherein the Lpx1 protein comprises one or more non-transgenic mutations and is 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or greater than 99% identical or similar to SEQ ID NO: 3.

In another embodiment, the wheat plant, wheat seed or parts of the wheat plant comprise a polynucleotide with one or more non-transgenic mutations and is 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or greater than 99% identical or similar to SEQ ID NO: 2.

In still another embodiment, the wheat plant, wheat seed or parts of a wheat plant comprise a polynucleotide with one or more non-transgenic mutations that codes for a Lpx1 protein, wherein the Lpx1 protein comprises one or more non-transgenic mutations and is 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or greater than 99% identical or similar to SEQ ID NO: 3.

In another embodiment, the wheat plant, wheat seed or parts of a wheat plant has one or more mutations in the Lpx1 gene including but not limited to one or more mutations enumerated in Tables 1-3 and corresponding mutations in the homoeologues. A wheat plant, wheat seed or parts of a wheat plant can be generated having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18,19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25 or greater than 25 of the mutations disclosed herein including but not limited to the mutations disclosed in Tables 1, 2 and 3, as well as mutations in the corresponding homoeologues.

In another embodiment, the wheat seed containing one or more mutations disclosed herein germinates at a rate comparable to wild type wheat seed. In still another embodiment, the wheat seed containing one or more mutations disclosed herein has physical characteristics, including but not limited to size, weight, length, comparable to wild type wheat seed.

In still another embodiment, the wheat plants containing one or more mutations disclosed herein has fertility comparable wild type wheat plants.

IX. Grain, Flour and Starch

In another embodiment, the disclosure relates to a wheat grain, flour or starch comprising one or more non-transgenic mutations in the Lpx1 gene. In another embodiment, the invention relates to wheat grain comprising an embryo, wherein the embryo comprises one or more non-transgenic mutations in an Lpx1 gene.

In another embodiment, the wheat grain, flour or starch comprises one or more non-transgenic mutations in the Lpx1 genes including but not limited to the mutations recited in Tables 1-3 and the corresponding mutations in homoeologues.

In still another embodiment, the disclosure relates to a wheat grain or flour comprising at least one non-transgenic mutation in the Lpx1 gene in one, two or three genomes.

In still another embodiment, the invention relates to a wheat grain, flour or starch comprising one or more non-transgenic mutations in the Lpx-D1 gene. In another embodiment, the non-transgenic mutations are identical in both alleles of the Lpx-D1 gene of the D genome.

In one embodiment, the wheat grain, flour or starch comprises one or more non-transgenic mutations in both alleles of the Lpx-B1.1a gene in the B genome. In another embodiment, the non-transgenic mutations are identical in both alleles of the Lpx-B1.1a gene of the B genome.

In one embodiment, the wheat grain, flour or starch comprises one or more non-transgenic mutations in both alleles of the Lpx-B1.1b gene in the B genome. In another embodiment, the non-transgenic mutations are identical in both alleles of the Lpx-B1.1b gene of the B genome.

In one embodiment, the wheat grain, flour or starch comprises one or more non-transgenic mutations in both alleles of the Lpx-B1.1c gene in the B genome. In another embodiment, the non-transgenic mutations are identical in both alleles of the Lpx-B1.1c gene of the B genome.

In one embodiment, the wheat grain, flour or starch comprises one or more non-transgenic mutations in both alleles of the Lpx-B1.2 gene in the B genome. In another embodiment, the non-transgenic mutations are identical in both alleles of the Lpx-B1.2 gene of the B genome.

In one embodiment, the wheat grain, flour or starch comprises one or more non-transgenic mutations in both alleles of the Lpx-B1.3 gene in the B genome. In another embodiment, the non-transgenic mutations are identical in both alleles of the Lpx-B1.3 gene of the B genome.

In one embodiment, the disclosure relates to wheat grain, wheat flour or starch comprising a polynucleotide of the Lpx-D1 promoter in the D genome with one or more non-transgenic mutations listed in Table 3 and corresponding to SEQ ID NO: 15. In another embodiment, the wheat grain or wheat flour comprise a polynucleotide with one or more non-transgenic mutations listed in Table 3 and is 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or greater than 99% identical or similar to SEQ ID NO: 15.

In one embodiment, the disclosure relates to wheat grain, wheat flour or starch comprising a polynucleotide of the Lpx-D1 gene in the D genome with one or more non-transgenic mutations listed in Table 2 and corresponding to SEQ ID NO: 1. In another embodiment, the wheat grain or wheat flour comprise a polynucleotide with one or more non-transgenic mutations listed in Table 2 and is 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or greater than 99% identical or similar to SEQ ID NO: 1.

In still another embodiment, wheat grain, wheat flour or starch comprise a polynucleotide with one or more non-transgenic mutations listed in Table 2 that codes for a Lpx1 protein, wherein the Lpx1 protein comprises one or more non-transgenic mutations and is 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or greater than 99% identical or similar to SEQ ID NO: 3.

In one embodiment, the disclosure relates to wheat grain, wheat flour or starch comprising a polynucleotide of the Lpx-B1.2 gene in the B genome with one or more non-transgenic mutations listed in Table 1 and corresponding to SEQ ID NO: 4. In another embodiment, the wheat grain or wheat flour comprise a polynucleotide with one or more non-transgenic mutations listed in Table 1 and is 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or greater than 99% identical or similar to SEQ ID NO: 4.

In still another embodiment, wheat grain, wheat flour or starch comprise a polynucleotide with one or more non-transgenic mutations listed in Table 1 that codes for a Lpx-B1.2 protein, wherein the Lpx-B1.2 protein comprises one or more non-transgenic mutations and is 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or greater than 99% identical or similar to SEQ ID NO: 6.

In still another embodiment, the disclosure relates to wheat grain or flour comprising an endosperm and a reduced gene expression level, activity or expression level and activity of the Lpx1 gene as compared to wild type wheat grain or flour.

In yet another embodiment, the disclosure relates to wheat grain or flour with one or more mutations in the Lpx1 gene exhibiting increased shelf life as compared to wild type wheat grain or flour. In another embodiment, wheat grain or flour with one or more mutations in the Lpx1 gene exhibits from 25-30%, 30-35%, 35-40%, 45-50%, 50-55%, 55-60%, 60-65%, 65-70%, 70-75%, 75-80%, 80-85%, 85- 90%, 90-95%, and greater than 95% increased shelf life as compared to wild type grain or flour.

In yet another embodiment, the disclosure relates to wheat grain or flour with one or more mutations in the Lpx-D1 gene exhibiting increased shelf life as compared to wild type wheat grain or flour. In another embodiment, wheat grain or flour with one or more mutations in the Lpx-D1 gene exhibits from 25-30%, 30-35%, 35-40%, 45-50%, 50-55%, 55-60%, 60-65%, 65-70%, 70-75%, 75-80%, 80-85%, 85-90%, 90-95%, and greater than 95% increased shelf life as compared to wild type grain or flour.

In yet another embodiment, the disclosure relates to wheat grain or flour with one or more mutations in the Lpx-D1 and Lpx-B1.2 genes exhibiting increased shelf life as compared to wild type wheat grain or flour. In another embodiment, wheat grain or flour with one or more mutations in the Lpx-D1 and Lpx-B1.2 genes exhibits from 25-30%, 30-35%, 35-40%, 45-50%, 50-55%, 55-60%, 60-65%, 65-70%, 70-75%, 75-80%, 80-85%, 85-90%, 90-95%, and greater than 95% increased shelf life as compared to wild type grain or flour.

X. Food Products

In one embodiment, the disclosure is directed to a flour or other product produced from the grain or flour discussed above. In another embodiments, the flour, the coarse fraction or purified starch may be a component of a food product.

The food product includes but is not limited to a bagel, a biscuit, a bread, a bun, a croissant, a dumpling, an English muffin, a muffin, a pita bread, a quickbread, a refrigerated/frozen dough products, dough, baked beans, a burrito, chili, a taco, a tamale, a tortilla, a pot pie, a ready to eat cereal, a ready to eat meal, stuffing, a microwaveable meal, a brownie, a cake, a cheesecake, a coffee cake, a cookie, a dessert, a pastry, a sweet roll, a candy bar, a pie crust, pie filling, baby food, a baking mix, a batter, a breading, a gravy mix, a meat extender, a meat substitute, a seasoning mix, a soup mix, a gravy, a roux, a salad dressing, a soup, sour cream, a noodle, a pasta, ramen noodles, chow mein noodles, lo mein noodles, an ice cream inclusion, an ice cream bar, an ice cream cone, an ice cream sandwich, a cracker, a crouton, a doughnut, an egg roll, an extruded snack, a fruit and grain bar, a microwaveable snack product, a nutritional bar, a pancake, a par-baked bakery product, a pretzel, a pudding, a granola-based product, a snack chip, a snack food, a snack mix, a waffle, a pizza crust, animal food or pet food.

In one embodiment, the flour is a whole grain flour (ex. —an ultrafine-milled whole grain flour, such as an ultrafine-milled whole grain wheat flour). In one embodiment, the whole grain flour includes a refined flour constituent (ex. —refined wheat flour or refined flour) and a coarse fraction (ex. —an ultrafine-milled coarse fraction). Refined wheat flour may be flour which is prepared, for example, by grinding and bolting (sifting) cleaned wheat. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) requires flour to meet certain particle size standards in order to be included in the category of refined wheat flour. The particle size of refined wheat flour is described as flour in which not less than 98% passes through a cloth having openings not larger than those of woven wire cloth designated “212 micrometers (U.S. Wire 70).”

In another embodiment, the coarse fraction includes at least one of: bran and germ. For instance, the germ is an embryonic plant found within the wheat kernel. The germ includes lipids, fiber, vitamins, protein, minerals and phytonutrients, such as flavonoids. The bran may include several cell layers and has a significant amount of lipids, fiber, vitamins, protein, minerals and phytonutrients, such as flavonoids.

For example, the coarse fraction or whole grain flour or refined flour of the present invention may be used in various amounts to replace refined or whole grain flour in baked goods, snack products, and food products. The whole grain flour (i.e. —ultrafine-milled whole grain flour) may also be marketed directly to consumers for use in their homemade baked products. In an exemplary embodiment, a granulation profile of the whole grain flour is such that 98% of particles by weight of the whole grain flour are less than 212 micrometers.

In another embodiment, the whole grain flour or coarse fraction or refined flour may be a component of a nutritional supplement. The nutritional supplement may be a product that is added to the diet containing one or more ingredients, typically including: vitamins, minerals, herbs, amino acids, enzymes, antioxidants, herbs, spices, probiotics, extracts, prebiotics and fiber.

In a further embodiment, the nutritional supplement may include any known nutritional ingredients that will aid in the overall health of an individual, examples include but are not limited to carotenoids, vitamins, minerals, other fiber components, fatty acids, antioxidants, amino acids, peptides, proteins, lutein, ribose, omega-3 fatty acids, and/or other nutritional ingredients. Because of the high nutritional content of the endosperm of the present invention, there may be many uses that confer numerous benefits to an individual, including, delivery of fiber and other essential nutrients, increased digestive function and health, weight management, blood sugar management, heart health, diabetes risk reduction, potential arthritis risk reduction, and overall health and wellness for an individual.

In still another embodiments, the whole grain flour or coarse fraction or refined flour may be a component of a dietary supplement. The Code of Federal Regulations defines a dietary supplement as a product that is intended to supplement the diet and contains one or more dietary ingredients including: vitamins, minerals, herbs, botanicals, amino acids, and other substances or their constituents; is intended to be taken by mouth as a pill, capsule, tablet, or liquid; and is labeled on the front panel as being a dietary supplement.

In yet another embodiment, the whole grain flour or coarse fraction or refined flour may be a fiber supplement or a component thereof. The fiber supplement may be delivered in, but is not limited to the following forms: instant beverage mixes, ready-to-drink beverages, nutritional bars, wafers, cookies, crackers, gel shots, capsules, chews, chewable tablets, and pills. One embodiment delivers the fiber supplement in the form of a flavored shake or malt type beverage.

In another embodiment, the whole grain flour or coarse fraction or refined flour may be included as a component of a digestive supplement. The whole grain flour or coarse fraction or refined flour may be a component of a digestive supplement alone or in combination with one or more prebiotic compounds and/or probiotic organisms. Prebiotic compounds are non-digestible food ingredients that may beneficially affect the host by selectively stimulating the growth and/or the activity of a limited number of microorganisms in the colon. Examples of prebiotic compounds within the scope of the invention, may include, but are not limited to: oligosaccharides and inulins.

Probiotics are microorganisms which, when administered in adequate amounts, confer a health benefit on the host. Probiotic organisms include, but are not limited to: Lactobacillus, Bifidobacteria, Escherichia, Clostridium, Lactococcus, Streptococcus, Enterococcus, and Saccharomyces.

In yet another embodiment, the whole grain flour or coarse fraction or refined flour may be included as a component of a functional food. The Institute of Food Technologists defines functional foods as, foods and food components that provide a health benefit beyond basic nutrition. This includes conventional foods, fortified, enriched, or enhanced foods, and dietary supplements. The whole grain flour and coarse fraction or refined flour include numerous vitamins and minerals, have high oxygen radical absorption capacities, and are high in fiber, making them ideally suited for use in/as a functional food.

In another embodiment, the whole grain flour or coarse fraction or refined flour may be used in medical foods. Medical food is defined as a food that is formulated to be consumed or administered entirely under the supervision of a physician and which is intended for the specific dietary management of a disease or condition for which distinctive nutritional requirements, based on recognized scientific principles, are established by medical evaluation. The nutrient contents and antioxidant capacities of the whole grain flour and coarse fraction or refined flour make them ideal for use in medical foods.

In yet another embodiment, the whole grain flour or coarse fraction or refined flour may also be used in pharmaceuticals. The whole grain flour and coarse fraction or refined flour are high in fiber and have a very fine granulation making them suitable for use as a carrier in pharmaceuticals.

In still another embodiment, delivery of the whole grain flour or coarse fraction or refined flour as a nutritional supplement, dietary supplement or digestive supplement is contemplated via delivery mechanisms where the whole grain flour or coarse fraction is the single ingredient or one of many nutritional ingredients. Examples of delivery mechanisms include but are not limited to: instant beverage mixes, ready-to-drink beverages, nutritional bars, wafers, cookies, crackers, gel shots, capsules, and chews.

In yet another embodiment, a milling process may be used to make a multi-wheat flour, or a multi-grain coarse fraction. In one embodiment, bran and germ from one type of wheat may be ground and blended with ground endosperm or whole grain wheat flour of another type of wheat. Alternatively bran and germ of one type of grain may be ground and blended with ground endosperm or whole grain flour of another type of grain.

In still another embodiment, bran and germ from a first type of wheat or grain may be blended with bran and germ from a second type of wheat or grain to produce a multi-grain coarse fraction. It is contemplated that the invention encompasses mixing any combination of one or more of bran, germ, endosperm, and whole grain flour of one or more grains. This multi-grain, multi-wheat approach may be used to make custom flour and capitalize on the qualities and nutritional contents of multiple types of grains or wheats to make one flour.

The whole grain flour of the invention may be produced via a variety of milling processes. One exemplary process involves grinding grain in a single stream without separating endosperm, bran, and germ of the grain into separate streams. Clean and tempered grain is conveyed to a first passage grinder, such as a hammermill, roller mill, pin mill, impact mill, disc mill, air attrition mill, gap mill, or the like.

After grinding, the grain is discharged and conveyed to a sifter. Any sifter known in the art for sifting a ground particle may be used. Material passing through the screen of the sifter is the whole grain flour of the invention and requires no further processing. Material that remains on the screen is referred to as a second fraction. The second fraction requires additional particle reduction. Thus, this second fraction may be conveyed to a second passage grinder.

After grinding, the second fraction may be conveyed to a second sifter. Material passing through the screen of the second sifter is the whole grain flour. The material that remains on the screen is referred to as the fourth fraction and requires further processing to reduce the particle size. The fourth fraction on the screen of the second sifter is conveyed back into either the first passage grinder or the second passage grinder for further processing via a feedback loop.

It is contemplated that the whole grain flour, coarse fraction, purified starch and/or grain products of the invention may be produced by a number of milling processes known in the art.

XI. Plant Breeding

In another embodiment, the disclosure is directed to methods for plant breeding using wheat plants and plant parts with one or more non-transgenic mutations in the Lpx1 genes.

One such embodiment is the method of crossing wheat variety with one or more non-transgenic mutations in the Lpx1 genes with another variety of wheat to form a first generation population of F1 plants. The population of first generation F1 plants produced by this method is also an embodiment of the invention. This first generation population of F1 plants will comprise an essentially complete set of the alleles of wheat variety with one or more non-transgenic mutations in the Lpx1 genes. One of ordinary skill in the art can utilize either breeder books or molecular methods to identify a particular F1 plant produced using wheat variety with one or more non-transgenic mutations in the Lpx1 genes, and any such individual plant is also encompassed by this invention. These embodiments also cover use of transgenic or backcross conversions of wheat varieties with one or more mutations in the Lpx1 genes to produce first generation F1 plants.

In another embodiment, the invention relates to a method of developing a progeny wheat plant. A method of developing a progeny wheat plant comprises crossing a wheat variety with one or more non-transgenic mutations in the Lpx1 genes with a second wheat plant and performing a breeding method. A specific method for producing a line derived from wheat variety with one or more non-transgenic mutations in the Lpx1 genes is as follows.

One of ordinary skill in the art would cross wheat variety with one or more non-transgenic mutations in the Lpx1 gene or genes with another variety of wheat, such as an elite variety. The F1 seed derived from this cross would be grown to form a homogeneous population. The F1 seed would contain one set of the alleles from wheat variety with one or more non-transgenic mutations in the Lpx1 gene and one set of the alleles from the other wheat variety.

The F1 genome would be made-up of 50% wheat variety with one or more non-transgenic mutations in the Lpx1 gene and 50% of the other elite variety. The F1 seed would be grown to form F2 seed. The F1 seed could be allowed to self, or bred with another wheat cultivar.

On average the F2 seed would have derived 50% of its alleles from wheat variety with one or more non-transgenic mutations in the Lpx1 gene and 50% from the other wheat variety, but various individual plants from the population would have a much greater percentage of their alleles derived from wheat variety with one or more non-transgenic mutations in the Lpx1 gene (Wang J. and R. Bernardo, 2000, Crop Sci. 40:659-665 and Bernardo, R. and A. L. Kahler, 2001, Theor. Appl. Genet. 102:986-992).

The F2 seed would be grown and selection of plants would be made based on visual observation and/or measurement of traits and/or marker assisted selection. The wheat variety with one or more non-transgenic mutations in the Lpx1 gene-derived progeny that exhibit one or more of the desired wheat variety with one or more non-transgenic mutations in the Lpx1 gene-derived traits would be selected and each plant would be harvested separately. This F3 seed from each plant would be grown in individual rows and allowed to self. Then selected rows or plants from the rows would be harvested and threshed individually. The selections would again be based on visual observation and/or measurements for desirable traits of the plants, such as one or more of the desirable wheat variety with one or more non-transgenic mutations in the Lpx1 gene-derived traits.

The process of growing and selection would be repeated any number of times until a homozygous wheat variety with one or more non-transgenic mutations in the Lpx1 gene-derived wheat plant is obtained. The homozygous wheat variety with one or more non-transgenic mutations in the Lpx1 gene-derived wheat plant would contain desirable traits derived from wheat variety with one or more non-transgenic mutations in the Lpx genes, some of which may not have been expressed by the other original wheat variety to which wheat variety with one or more non-transgenic mutations in the Lpx1 gene was crossed and some of which may have been expressed by both wheat varieties but now would be at a level equal to or greater than the level expressed in wheat variety with one or more non-transgenic mutations in the Lpx1 gene or genes.

The breeding process, of crossing, selfing, and selection may be repeated to produce another population of wheat variety with one or more non-transgenic mutations in the Lpx1 gene-derived wheat plants with, on average, 25% of their genes derived from wheat variety with one or more non-transgenic mutations in the Lpx1 gene, but various individual plants from the population would have a much greater percentage of their alleles derived from wheat variety with one or more non-transgenic mutations in the Lpx1 gene or genes. Another embodiment of the invention is a homozygous wheat variety with one or more non-transgenic mutations in the Lpx gene-derived wheat plant that has received wheat variety with one or more non-transgenic mutations in the Lpx gene-derived traits. This breeding process can be repeated as many times as desired.

The following paragraphs further describe plants, compositions, and methods disclosed herein.

1. A wheat plant comprising a mutation in the Lpx1 gene, wherein said mutation contributes to products from said wheat plant having increased shelf-life compared to products from a wild type wheat plant. 2. A wheat plant comprising a mutation in the Lpx1 gene, wherein said mutation contributes to reduced hexanal production in products produced from grain from said plant as compared to products produced from grain from a wild type wheat plant. 3. The wheat plant of paragraphs 1 or 2, further comprising a mutation in at least two genomes. 4. The wheat plant of paragraphs 1 or 2, further comprising a reduced level of Lpx1 protein, relative to a wild-type wheat plant. 5. The wheat plant of paragraphs 1 or 2, further comprising reduced Lpx1 enzyme activity relative to a wild-type wheat plant. 6. The wheat plant of paragraphs 1 or 2, wherein products from said wheat plant have increased oxidative stability as compared to products from a wild type wheat plant. 7. A wheat plant comprising a mutation in the Lpx1 gene in the D genome, wherein said mutation contributes to products from said wheat plant having increased shelf-life compared to products from a wild type wheat plant. 8. A wheat plant comprising a mutation in the Lpx1 gene in the D genome, wherein said mutation contributes to reduced hexanal production in products from grain from said plant as compared to products produced from grain from a wild type wheat plant. 9. The wheat plant of paragraphs 7 or 8, wherein the Lpx1 gene is Lpx-D1. 10. The wheat plant of paragraphs 7 or 8, further comprising a mutation in the Lpx1 gene of the B genome. 11. The wheat plant of paragraphs 7 or 8, further comprising a reduced level of Lpx1 protein, relative to a wild-type wheat plant. 12. The wheat plant of paragraphs 7 or 8, further comprising reduced Lpx1 enzyme activity relative to a wild-type wheat plant. 13. The wheat plant of paragraphs 7 or 8, wherein products from said wheat plant have increased oxidative stability as compared to products from a wild type wheat plant. 14. A wheat plant comprising a mutation in the Lpx1 gene in the B genome, wherein said mutation contributes to products from said wheat plant having increased shelf-life compared to products from a wild type wheat plant. 15. A wheat plant comprising a mutation in the Lpx1 gene in the B genome, wherein said mutation contributes to reduced hexanal production in products from grain from said plant as compared to products from grain from a wild type wheat plant. 16. The wheat plant of paragraphs 14 or 15, wherein the Lpx1 gene is Lpx-B1.2. 17. A wheat plant of paragraphs 14 or 15 further comprising a mutation in the Lpx1 gene of the D genome. 18. The wheat plant of paragraphs 14 or 15, further comprising a reduced level of Lpx1 protein, relative to a wild-type wheat plant. 19. The wheat plant of paragraphs 14 or 15, further comprising reduced Lpx1 enzyme activity relative to a wild-type wheat plant. 20. The wheat plant of paragraphs 14 or 15, wherein products from said wheat plant have increased oxidative stability as compared to products from a wild type wheat plant. 21. The wheat plant of any of the preceding paragraphs where the wheat plant is homozygous for the mutation. 22. The wheat plant of any of the preceding paragraphs, which is Triticum aestivum ssp. aestivum. 23. A wheat plant comprising two or more mutations in the Lpx gene, wherein the mutations in the Lpx gene are on at least two different genomes. 24. Whole grain flour from grain from the wheat plant of any of the preceding paragraphs, wherein the production of decomposition products of fatty acids is decreased in whole grain flour as compared to whole grain flour made from wild type grain. 25. Whole grain flour from grain from the wheat plant of any of the preceding paragraphs, wherein the production of decomposition products of fatty acids is decreased in whole grain flour by at least 5%, or at least 10%, or at least 15%, or at least 20%, or at least 25%, or at least 30%, or at least 35%, or at least 40%, or at least 45%, or at least 50%, or at least 55%, or at least 60%, or at least 65%, or at least 70%, or at least 75%, or at least 80%, or at least 85%, or at least 90%, or at least 95% as compared to whole grain flour made from wild type grain. 26. Whole grain flour from the wheat plant of any of the preceding paragraphs, wherein the production of hexanal, or trans-2-nonenal, or trihydroxydecanoic acid or combinations thereof is decreased in whole grain flour by at least 5%, or at least 10%, or at least 15%, or at least 20%, or at least 25%, or at least 30%, or at least 35%, or at least 40%, or at least 45%, or at least 50%, or at least 55%, or at least 60%, or at least 65%, or at least 70%, or at least 75%, or at least 80%, or at least 85%, or at least 90%, or at least 95% as compared to whole grain flour made from wild type grain. 27. Whole grain flour from the grain of the wheat plant of any of the preceding paragraphs, wherein shelf life of whole grain flour is increased by 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 13 months, 14 months, 15 months, 16 months, 17 months, 18 months, 19 months, 20 months, 21 months, 22 months, 23 months, 24 months, 25 months, 26 months, 27 months, 28 months, 29 months, 30 months, or greater than 30 months as compared to the shelf life of whole grain flour made from wild-type grain. 28. Whole grain flour from grain comprising a mutation in an Lpx1 gene, wherein said mutation contributes to reduced hexanal production in whole grain flour as compared to whole grain flour from a wild type wheat plant. 29. Whole grain flour comprising a mutation in an Lpx1 gene, wherein said mutation contributes to increased shelf-life in whole grain flour as compared to whole grain flour from a wild type wheat plant. 30. Whole grain flour comprising a mutation in an Lpx1 gene, wherein said mutation contributes to increased shelf-life in whole grain flour stored at a higher temperature as compared to whole grain flour from a wild type wheat plant. 31. Whole grain flour from the wheat plant of any of the preceding paragraphs, wherein shelf life of whole grain flour made from wheat grain is improved as determined by sensory characteristics including color, flavor, texture, aroma, performance or overall preference of the finished product. 32. The wheat plant of any of the preceding claims, wherein the mutation is recited in any one of Tables 1-10. 33. Wheat grain from a wheat plant of any of the preceding paragraphs. 34. Flour comprising wheat grain of any of the preceding paragraphs. 35. A food product comprising a component of a wheat plant of any of the preceding paragraphs. 36. A wheat seed, plant part or progeny thereof from a wheat plant of any of the preceding paragraphs. 37. A wheat plant substantially as shown and described herein. 38. Grain substantially as shown and described herein. 39. Wheat seed, plant part or progeny thereof from a wheat plant substantially as shown and described herein. 40. A wheat plant comprising one or more mutations in the Lpx1 gene in one or both of the B and D genomes, wherein milled grain from said wheat plant has a property selected from the group consisting of: (a) increased shelf-life; (b) increased oxidative stability; (c) decreased production of Lpx1 protein; (d) decreased activity of the Lpx1 protein; (e) decreased hexanal production; (f) decreased pinellic acid production; (g) decreased decomposition products from fatty acids; or (h) improved sensory characteristics as compared to milled grain from a wild type wheat plant. 41. A wheat plant comprising one or more mutations in the Lpx1 gene in one or both of the B and D genomes, wherein products produced from grain from said wheat plant has a property selected from the group consisting of: (a) increased shelf-life; (b) increased oxidative stability; (c) decreased production of Lpx1 protein; (d) decreased activity of the Lpx1 protein; (e) decreased hexanal production; (f) decreased pinellic acid production; (g) decreased decomposition products from fatty acids; or (h) improved sensory characteristics as compared to products produced from grain of a wild type wheat plant. 42. A nucleic acid comprising a coding sequence that encodes a polypeptide having at least one mutation recited in Table 2 of SEQ ID NO:3. 43. A nucleic acid comprising a coding sequence having at least one mutation in Table 2 of SEQ ID NO. 1 or SEQ ID NO. 2. 44. A nucleic acid comprising a coding sequence that encodes a polypeptide having at least one mutation recited in Table 1 of SEQ ID NO:6. 45. A nucleic acid comprising a coding sequence having at least one mutation in Table 1 of SEQ ID NO. 4 or SEQ ID NO. 5.

Example 1

This example describes the identification of novel alleles of Lpx1.

Mutagenesis

In accordance with one exemplary embodiment of the present invention, wheat seeds of the hexaploid cultivar (Triticum aestivum) Express were vacuum infiltrated in H₂O (approximately 1,000 seeds/100 ml H₂O for approximately 4 minutes). The seeds were then placed on a shaker (45 rpm) in a fume hood at room temperature. The mutagen ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) was added to the imbibing seeds to final concentrations ranging from about 0.75% to about 1.2% (v/v). Following an 18-hour incubation period, the EMS solution was replaced 4 times with fresh H₂O. The seeds were then rinsed under running water for about 4-8 hours. Finally, the mutagenized seeds were planted (96/tray) in potting soil and allowed to germinate indoors. Plants that were four to six weeks old were transferred to the field to grow to fully mature M1 plants. The mature M1 plants were allowed to self-pollinate and then seeds from the M1 plant were collected and planted to produce M2 plants.

A. DNA Preparation

DNA from the M2 plants produced in accordance with the above description was extracted and prepared in order to identify which M2 plants carried a mutation at one or more of their Lpx1 loci. The M2 plant DNA was prepared using methods and reagents based on the Qiagen® (Valencia, Calif.) DNeasy® 96 Plant Kit. Approximately 50 mg of frozen plant sample was placed in each sample tube with a stainless steel bead, frozen in liquid nitrogen and ground 2 times for 45 seconds each at 21.5 Hz using the Retsch® Mixer Mill MM 300. Next, 300 μl of solution AP1 [Buffer AP1, solution DX and RNAse (100 mg/ml)] at 80° C. was added to each sample. The tubes were sealed and shaken for 15 seconds, then briefly centrifuged at 5,200×g. Following the addition of 100 μl Buffer P3, the tubes were shaken for 15 seconds. The samples were placed in a freezer at −20° C. for at least 20 min. The samples were then centrifuged for 20 minutes at 5,200×g. A filter plate was placed on the vacuum unit of Tecan Evo liquid handling robot and 400 μl of Buffer AW1 was added to each well. Following the addition of a 300 μl aliquot of supernatant to each well, vacuum was applied until dryness. Next, 650 μl of Buffer AW2 was added to each well of the filter plate. The filter plate was placed on a square well block and centrifuged for 20 minutes at 5,200×g. The filter plate was then placed on a new set of sample tubes and 90 μl of Buffer AE was applied to the filter. It was incubated at room temperature for 1 minute and then spun for 2 minutes at 5,200×g. This step was repeated with an additional 90 μl Buffer AE. The filter plate was removed and the tubes containing the pooled filtrates were capped. The individual samples were then normalized to a DNA concentration of 5 to 10 ng/μ1 for TILLING, or left un-normalized for genotyping applications.

B. TILLING

The M2 wheat DNA was pooled into groups of two individual plants. The DNA concentration for each individual within the pool was approximately 2 ng/μ1 with a final concentration of 4 ng/μ1 for the entire pool. Then, 5 μl of the pooled DNA samples (or 20 ng wheat DNA) was arrayed on microtiter plates and subjected to gene-specific PCR.

PCR amplification was performed in 15 μl volumes containing 20 ng pooled DNA, 0.75× ExTaq buffer (Clonetech, Mountain View, Calif.), 1.1 mM additional MgCl₂, 0.3 mM dNTPs, 0.3 μM primers, 0.009 U Ex-Taq DNA polymerase (Clonetech, Mountain View, Calif.), 0.02 units DyNAzyme II DNA Polymerase (Thermo Scientific), and if necessary 0.33M Polymer-Aide PCR Enhancer (Sigma-Aldrich®). PCR amplification was performed using an MJ Research® thermal cycler as follows: 95° C. for 2 minutes; 8 cycles of “touchdown PCR” (94° C. for 20 second, followed by annealing step starting at 70-68° C. for 30 seconds and decreasing 1° C. per cycle, then a temperature ramp of 0.5° C. per second to 72° C. followed by 72° C. for 1 minute); 25-45 cycles of 94° C. for 20 seconds, 63 or 65° C. for 30 seconds, ramp 0.5° C./sec to 72° C., 72° C. for 1-2 minutes; 72° C. for 8 minutes; 98° C. for 8 minutes; 80° C. for 20 seconds; 60 cycles of 80° C. for 7 seconds −0.3 degrees/cycle.

PCR products (2-4 μl) were digested in 96-well plates. 3 μl of a solution containing 6 mM HEPES [4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid] (pH 7.0), 6 mM MgCl₂, 6 mM NaCl, 0.012× Triton® X-100, 0.03 mg/ml of bovine serum albumin, 0.5× T-Digest Buffer [Advanced Analytical Technologies, Inc (AATI), Ames, Iowa], 0.912 U each of Surveyor® Endonuclease and Enhancer (Transgenomic®, Inc.), and 0.5× dsDNA Cleavage Enzyme (AATI, Ames, Iowa) was added to the PCR product. Digestion reactions were incubated at 45° C. for 45 minutes. The specific activity of the Surveyor enzyme was 800 units/μ1, where a unit was defined by the manufacturer as the amount of enzyme required to produce 1 ng of acid-soluble material from sheared, heat denatured calf thymus DNA at pH 8.5 in one minute at 37° C. Reactions were stopped by addition of 20 μl of Dilution Buffer E (AATI, Ames, Iowa) or 1× TE. The reactions were stored in the freezer until they were run on the Fragment Analyzer™ (AATI, Ames, Iowa) Capillary Electrophoresis System. Samples were run on the Fragment Analyzer™ utilizing the DNF-920-K1000T Mutation Discovery Kit (AATI, Ames, Iowa) according to the manufacturer's protocol.

After electrophoresis, the assays were analyzed using PROSize® 2.0 Software (AATI, Ames, Iowa). The gel image showed sequence-specific pattern of background bands common to all 96 lanes. Rare events, such as mutations, create new bands that stand out above the background pattern. Plants with bands indicative of mutations of interest were evaluated by TILLING individual members of a pool mixed with wild type DNA and then sequencing individual PCR products.

Example 2: Genotyping and Plant Breeding of Lpx1 Lines

Plants carrying mutations confirmed by sequencing were grown up as described above (e.g., the M2 plant could be backcrossed or outcrossed multiple times in order to eliminate background mutations and self-pollinated in order to create a plant that was homozygous for the mutation) or crossed to another plant containing Lpx1 mutations in a different homoeolog. At each generation, the novel alleles were validated in the plant materials by extracting DNA, and genotyped by sequencing or by use of allele specific KASP (Kompetitive Allele Specific PCR) molecular markers (LGC Genomics, Beverly, Mass.) developed specifically for alleles of interest.

KASP genotyping was performed on DNA extracted from young leaves as describe in Example 1. Each reaction consisted of 5 μl master mix (KASP High-Rox Universal 2× Master Mix, LGC Genomics) 0.14 μl KASP Assay Mix, and 40-60 ng DNA in a total reaction volume of 10.14 μl. The reaction mixture was then PCR amplified in a 96-well format using the following thermal cycling conditions: 94° C. for 15 minutes, then 10 cycles at 92° C. for 20 seconds followed by 61° C. for 60 seconds dropping 0.6° C. per cycle until reaching 55° C., then 35-40 cycles of 94° C. for 20 seconds followed by 55° C. for 60 seconds, and finally held at 8° C. until measurement. The subsequent reaction was evaluated at room temperature with a 7900 HT Fast Real-Time PCR system using controls of known genotypes (Applied Biosystems, Inc, Foster City, Ca, USA).

Example 3: Lipoxygenase Activity

Lipoxygenase activity in mature whole grains was measured by either of two methods: (a) conjugated diene formation or (b) colorimetric assay.

A. Method 1: Lipoxygenase Enzyme Activity by Conjugated Diene Formation

For conjugated diene analysis, total lipoxygenase activity in whole grain wheat flour was measured spectrophotometrically as described by Surrey, Plant Physiology 39: 65-70, (1964). The assay determines the formation of linoleate hydroperoxide containing conjugated dienes at 25° C. measured at 234 nm using a NanoDrop 2000c Spectrophotometer (Thermo Scientific, Waltham, Mass., USA). Whole grain flour was milled from mature seeds for 20 sec at 22 l/s vibration frequency using a MixerMill 300 (Retsch GmbH, Haan, Germany). 200 mg of whole grain flour was suspended in 1.5 mL of 50 mM sodium phosphate buffer (pH 6.6). The suspension was incubated in an ice-water bath for 1 hour, vortexed for 1 min at 15 min intervals, and centrifuged twice at 16,100×g at 4° C. for a total of 20 min. After centrifugation, the supernatant was collected as the crude enzyme solution, stored in an ice-water bath, and used within 12 hours. Protein concentration was determined according to the Bradford method (Bio-Rad, Hercules, Calif., USA) using bovine serum albumin as the standard according to the manufacturer's instructions. Linoleate substrate solution consisted of 50 mM sodium phosphate buffer pH 6.6, 2 mM linoleic acid >99% (Sigma Chemical, St Louis, Mo., USA), and 0.2% Tween20 (Bio-Rad, Hercules, Calif., USA), and was stored in an air tight container containing 5-7 oxygen scavenging packets (Oxyrase, Mansfield, Ohio, USA) to minimize auto-oxidation of substrate. Linoleate hydroperoxidation reaction was started by the addition of 0.1 mg of crude enzyme solution into 2 mL of linoleate substrate solution at 25° C. The reaction was monitored from 0 to at least 3 minutes. Results were subjected to statistical analysis by ANOVA followed by t-tests using InStat Software (GraphPad, La Jolla, Calif., USA). One unit of Lipoxygenase activity was defined as the increase in absorbance at 234 nm of 0.001 per mg of protein per minute. Negative controls of the samples were prepared by inactivating the crude enzymes by heat treatment at 100° C. for 20 min.

B. Method 2: Lipoxygenase Activity by Colorimetric Assay

Total lipoxygenase activity in whole grain wheat flour was also measured using a modified colorimetric assay using the coupled reaction of 3-(di-methylamino)benzoic acid (DMAB) and 3-methyl-2-benzothiazolinone (MBTH) as described by Anton and Barret, Journal of Agriculture Food Chemistry 49: 32-37, (2001). The assay determines the product formation of linoleate hydroperoxides with MBTH and DMAB in the presence of hemoglobin. Whole grain flour was milled from mature seeds for 20 seconds at 22 l/s vibration frequency using a MixerMill 300 (Retsch GmbH, Haan, Germany). 200 mg of whole grain flour was suspended in 1.5 mL of 50 mM sodium phosphate buffer (pH 6.6). The suspension was incubated in an ice-water bath for 1 hour, vortexed for 1 min at 15 minute intervals, and centrifuged twice at 16,100×g at 4° C. for a total of 20 minutes. After centrifugation, the supernatant was collected as the crude enzyme solution, stored in an ice-water bath, and used within 12 hours. Protein concentration was determined according to the Bradford method (Bio-Rad, Hercules, Calif., USA) using bovine serum albumin as the standard according to the manufacturer's instructions. DMAB-linoleate substrate solution consisted of 20 mM DMAB and 100 μM sodium phosphate (pH 6.6) with 25 mM linoleic acid >99% and 0.1% Tween20. MBTH-hemoglobin solution consisted of 10 mM MBTH and 0.1 mg/mL bovine hemoglobin (Sigma Chemical, St Louis, Mo., USA).

The linoleate hyroperoxidation/DMAB-MBTH coupling reaction was started by adding 0.5 ml of the DMAB-linoleate substrate solution to 0.1 mg crude enzyme and incubated at 25° C. for 20 minutes. After 20 minutes, 0.5 ml of the MBTH-hemoglobin solution was then added and incubated for an additional 10 minutes. The reaction was terminated by adding 0.5 ml of 1% (w/v) sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). Color formation at an absorbance value of 595 nm was measured using a NanoDrop 2000c Spectrophotometer (Thermo Scientific, Waltham, Mass., USA). Results were subjected to statistical analysis using InStat Software (GraphPad, La Jolla, Calif., USA). One unit of lipoxygenase activity was defined as the absorbance value at 595 nm per mg of protein times 100. Negative controls of the samples were prepared by inactivating the crude enzymes by heat treatment at 100° C. for 20 min.

Grains from homozygous wheat plants with mutations in either Lpx-D1 or LpxB1.2 of the D or B genome or both genomes were analyzed for lipoxygenase activity. In addition, selected plants identified with severe mutations in Lpx1 of the B or D genome (Tables 1 and 2) were crossed with other plants that contained severe mutations in Lpx1 in other genomes. Grains from homozygous plants resulting from these crosses having novel mutant alleles in both genomes were also analyzed for lipoxygenase activity. Sibling plants from these crosses with wild-type alleles for the Lpx1 mutations were used as controls when they were available. Mutant alleles analyzed for lipoxygenase activity included missense mutations that were predicted to have a deleterious effect on protein function by their SIFT and PSSM scores, as well as those mutations that resulted in the introduction of a stop codon (truncation mutation) or a mutation at a splice junction. Table 5 shows examples of mutant lines analyzed for lipoxygenase activity.

TABLE 5 Representative cultivars with mutations in Lpx-D1 and/or Lpx-B1.2 Nucleotide A.A. Line Gene Mutation Mutation 1 Lpx-D1 G626A W81* 2 Lpx-D1 G685A W101* 3 Lpx-D1 C1471T P170S 4 Lpx-D1 G1646A R228H 5 Lpx-D1 C1531T Q190* 6 Lpx-D1 C1633T P224S 7 Lpx-D1 G2386A Splice Junction 8 Lpx-D1 C2553T P469L 9 Lpx-D1 G2629A W494* 10 Lpx-D1 G2828A W517* 11 Lpx-D1 G2875A R533Q 12 Lpx-D1 C2895T P540S 13 Lpx-D1 C2919T H548Y 14 Lpx-D1 G3049 W591* 15 Lpx-D1 G3181A W635* 16 Lpx-D1 G3272A W665* 17 Lpx-D1 G3275A W666* 18 Lpx-D1 G3364A C696Y 19 Lpx-D1 G3379A W701* 20 Lpx-D1 G3644A W789* 21 Lpx-B1.2 G2982A W510* 22 Lpx-D1 G2629A W494* Lpx-B1.2 G2982A W510* 23 Lpx-D1 C2528T P461S Lpx-B1.2 G2933A W494*

With regard to Tables 5-7, genomic nucleic acid designations of the mutations in Lpx1 of the D genome named Lpx-D1 correspond to the position in the reference sequence SEQ ID NO: 1. Amino acid designations of the Lpx1 polypeptide of the D genome named Lpx-D1 correspond to the amino acid position of reference sequence SEQ ID NO: 3. Genomic nucleic acid designations of the mutations in one of two of Lpx1 genes of the B genome named Lpx-B1.2 correspond to the position in the reference sequence SEQ ID NO: 4. Amino acid designations of the mutations in one of two of Lpx1 genes of the B genome named Lpx-B1.2 correspond to the amino acid position of reference sequence SEQ ID NO: 6. “Wt” indicates material that is homozygous for the parental wild-type allele and “homozygous” refers to material that is homozygous for the mutant allele indicated.

TABLE 6 Lipoxygenase Activity of Novel Alleles of Lpx1 in Wheat Variety Express. Lipoxygenase Activity Lipoxygenase Colorimetric Activity Assay Conjugated Nucleotide A.A. Zygosity of (Units/mg Diene Assay Line Gene Mutation Mutation Mutation protein) (Units/min/mg) Parent Lpx-D1 + Wt None Wt 1915 +/− 29 1231 +/− 62  Express Lpx-B1.2 1 Lpx-D1 G626A W81* Homozygous  709 +/− 47 2 Lpx-D1 G685A W101* Homozygous  593 +/− 63 3 Lpx-D1 C1471T P170S Homozygous 1912 +/− 25 4 Lpx-D1 C1531T Q190* Homozygous 1039 +/− 40 5 Lpx-D1 G1646A R228H Homozygous 1879 +/− 29 6 Lpx-D1 C1633T P224S Homozygous 1873 +/− 18 7 Lpx-D1 G2386A Splice Junction Homozygous  358 +/− 21 8 Lpx-D1 C2553T P469L Homozygous 1883 +/− 18 9 Lpx-D1 G2629A W494* Homozygous 502 +/− 7 33 +/− 26 10 Lpx-D1 G2828A W517* Homozygous 401 +/− 2 80 +/− 32 11 Lpx-D1 G2875A R533Q Homozygous 1690 +/− 66 476 +/− 56  12 Lpx-D1 C2895T P540S Homozygous 1418 +/− 44 427 +/− 13  13 Lpx-D1 C2919T H548Y Homozygous 1763 +/− 3  14 Lpx-D1 G3049A W591* Homozygous  707 +/− 90 15 Lpx-D1 G3181A W635* Homozygous  866 +/− 68 16 Lpx-D1 G3272A W665* Homozygous  681 +/− 56 17 Lpx-D1 G3275A W666* Homozygous 1441 +/− 41 18 Lpx-D1 G3364A C696Y Homozygous 1304 +/− 61 19 Lpx-D1 G3379A W701* Homozygous  681 +/− 160 20 Lpx-D1 G1646A + G3644A R228H + W789* Both  799 +/− 10 Homozygous 21 Lpx-B1.2 G2982A W510* Homozygous 1860 +/− 40 798 +/− 105 22 LpxD1 + G2629A + G2982A W494* + W510* Homozygous 387 +/− 2 Lpx-B1.2 G2629G + G2982G W494W + W510W Wt Sibling 1914 +/− 2  23 Lpx-D1 + C2528T + G2933A P461S + W494* Both 1912 +/− 2  853 +/− 109 Lpx-B1.2 Homozygous

Table 6 demonstrates the range of lipoxygenase activity of various lines with novel alleles in the Lpx-D1 gene, the Lpx-B1.2 gene or combinations of the two.

TABLE 7 Lipoxygenase Activity of Various Varieties of Wheat. Activity is expressed in Units/mg protein using the colorimetric assay (+/−standard error). Lipoxygenase Wheat Variety Type D Genome B Genome B Genome A Genome Activity California HRS Lpx-D1 Lpx-B1.1c Lpx-B1.2 Lpx-A1 1915 +/− 29 Mexico HWS Lpx-D1 Lpx-B1.1c Lpx-B1.2 Lpx-A1 2024 +/− 38 Mexico HWS Lpx-D1 Lpx-B1.1c Lpx-B1.2 Lpx-A1 1863 +/− 61 Colorado HWW Lpx-D1 Lpx-B1.1c Lpx-B1.2 Lpx-A1 2032 +/− 32 Colorado HWW Lpx-D1 Lpx-B1.1c Lpx-B1.2 Lpx-A1 2020 +/− 18 Midwest HRS Lpx-D1 Lpx-B1.1a or b Lpx-B1.2 Lpx-A1 1935 +/− 79 Midwest HRS Lpx-D1 Lpx-B1.1a or b Lpx-B1.2 Lpx-A1 1955 +/− 15 Pacific Northwest HRS Lpx-D1 Lpx-B1.1c Lpx-B1.2 Lpx-A1 1958 +/− 50 Pacific Northwest SWS Lpx-D1 Lpx-B1.1a or b Lpx-B1.3 Lpx-A1 1960 +/− 15 Australia SWS Lpx-D1 Lpx-B1.1c Lpx-B1.2 Lpx-A1 2051 +/− 23 Australia SWS Lpx-D1 Lpx-B1.1c Lpx-B1.2 Lpx-A1 1973 +/− 17 Key: HRS, hard red spring, HWW, hard white winter, SWS, soft white spring, HWS, hard white spring

Table 7 demonstrates the range of lipoxygenase activity achieved in various combinations of novel alleles in the Lpx-D1 gene, the Lpx-B1.2 gene and combinations of the two. Table 7 further demonstrates that despite the range of different allele combinations available in the Lpx-B genes in multiple varieties of bread wheat, all the varieties tested still have a high level of lipoxygenase activity in mature grains. Evaluation of numerous additional varieties from multiple regions around the world has shown the same result.

Example 4 Improved Shelf Life by Sensory Characteristics of Lpx1 Novel Alleles

Shelf life can be determined by sensory characteristics of the flour and products made from it including color, flavor, texture, aroma, appearance, performance or overall preference of the finished product. In one embodiment, trained panelists can be used to assess differences between materials.

For example, Lpx1 flour can be stored for various lengths of time, at various temperatures and/or humidities and compared to the wild-type sibling flour and/or parental flour by the panelists for preference in aroma, color, flavor, appearance and texture among other attributes. The flour can also be made into products, such as bread, and the crumb and crust compared for in aroma, color, flavor, appearance or texture among other attributes. Bread or other products can also be stored for various lengths of time, at various temperatures and/or humidities and compared to the wild-type sibling flour and/or parental flour by the panelists for preference in aroma, color, flavor, appearance or texture among other attributes.

Other methods can also be employed to assess sensory characteristics. For example, texture can be measured by a texture analyzer. Color can be measured by a Minolta chroma meter test. Compounds contributing to aroma or taste can be analyzed by liquid or gas chromatography and mass spectrometry.

Example 5: Improved Shelf-Life of Lpx1 Novel Alleles

Lipid oxidation by lipoxygenase produces hydroperoxides that are substrates for further decomposition into multiple compounds including aldehydes such as hexanal. Hexanal levels produced in a sample can be used as a measure of oxidative rancidity (Fritz and Gale, Hexanal as a measure of rancidity in low fat foods, JAOCS 54:225 (1977)). In order to test shelf-life of whole grain flour derived from grain of novel lipoxygenase mutant alleles, whole grain samples were milled and stored for various lengths of time up to 20 weeks at 37° C. and analyzed for hexanal levels as described below. Longer incubation times and a range of additional temperature and humidity conditions can also be employed for testing shelf life.

Methods: Hexanal Analysis

Whole grain flour was milled from mature seeds for 20 seconds at 22 l/s vibration frequency using a MixerMill 300 (Retsch GmbH, Haan, Germany) and stored in closed polyethylene bags. Accelerated aging of flour was conducted in a Percival E30BC8 (Percival Scientific Inc, Perry, Iowa, USA) with the temperature set at 37° C. 10 g samples of flour were stored for 1-16 weeks at 37° C. Hexanal levels were analyzed by Medallion Labs (Minneapolis, Minn., USA) using a method based on gas chromatography. Units were reported in parts per million (ppm) with a lower detection limit of <0.3 ppm and an upper limit of detection of 50 ppm.

An accelerated aging time-course of whole grain flour incubated at 37° C. for up to 20 weeks was evaluated for hexanal production as an indicator of rancidity. Flour from the non-mutagenized parental variety, Express, was tested at 1, 6, 8, 10, 16 and 20 weeks after incubation at 37° C. and compared to hexanal levels in freshly milled flour samples.

As shown in FIG. 1, hexanal levels were below the limit of detection of <0.3 ppm in freshly ground and 1 week old samples. But starting at the 6 week time point and continuing to 20 weeks, hexanal levels increased from 0.6 ppm up to 1 ppm demonstrating the progression of oxidative rancidity. For cereals, a 16 week incubation time at 37° C. is estimated to be equivalent to approximately 1 year of storage at room temperature (Sewald and DeVries, Food product shelf life, Medallion Laboratories Analytical Progress (2012) http://www.medlabs.com/Downloads/food_product_shelf_life_web.pdf).

Wheat line 9 (Table 6) homozygous for the Lpx-D1(W494*) allele and wheat line 22 (Table 6) homozygous for both the Lpx-D1(W494*) and Lpx-B1.2(W510*) alleles were tested for hexanal production in whole grain flour stored at 37° C. for up to 16 weeks. In addition, sibling lines that were homozygous wild-type for these alleles and were grown at the same time were used as controls (wild-type siblings). Grains were bulked from 2-6 plants of the same genotype to provide enough material for analysis over the entire time-course.

As shown in FIG. 2, hexanal levels increased at 6, 8 and 16 weeks of incubation at 37° C. in wild-type siblings. This result was similar to hexanal production in the parental material (FIG. 1). In contrast, hexanal levels remained below the limit of detection of <0.3 ppm in the whole grain flour samples from lines homozygous for the Lpx-D1(W494*) mutant allele and in lines homozygous for both the Lpx-D1(W494*)+LpxB1.2(W510*) mutant alleles for up to 16 weeks at 37° C. (asterisks in FIG. 2). The disclosure herein demonstrates that novel alleles in Lpx-D1 with reduced lipoxygenase activity singly and in combination with novel alleles in Lpx-B1.2 significantly improve shelf-life of whole grain flour by reducing the accumulation of breakdown products of fatty acids such as hexanal. Additional alleles of Lpx1 can also be used to improve shelf life.

Example 6 Altered Lipoxygenase Activity of Wheat Lines with Lpx-D1 Promoter Alleles

Table 8 provides additional examples of mutations created and identified in Lpx-D1 promoter in the D genome of wheat plants, variety Express. Nucleotide changes are identified according to their positions in SEQ ID NO: 15. Zygosity refers to whether the mutation is heterozygous (Het) or homozygous (Hom) in the M2 plant.

TABLE 8 Additional representative mutations in the Lpx-D1 promoter in the D genome. Nucleotide Mutation Primer (SEQ ID Zygosity of SEQ IDs NO: 15) Description Mutation 16, 17 G1269A 2176F08 Het 16, 17 C1276T 2168C09 Het 16, 17 G1474A 2163B03 Het 16, 17 C1779T 2166F07 Hom 16, 17 C1834T 1686B02 Hom

Table 9 demonstrates the range of lipoxygenase activity achieved in wheat lines with novel alleles in the Lpx-D1 promoter region in the D genome. Nucleotide changes of the mutations correspond to the position in the reference sequence SEQ ID NO: 15. “Wt” indicates material that is homozygous for the parental wild-type allele and “homozygous” refers to material that is homozygous for the mutant allele indicated. In Table 9, Line 5 Lpx-D1 promoter allele (G1538A) has reduced lipoxygenase activity compared to the parent variety and other Lpx-D1 promoter alleles.

TABLE 9 Lipoxygenase activity of novel alleles of Lpx1-D1 promoter in the D genome of wheat Lipoxygenase Activity Nucleotide Colorimetric Mutation Assay (SEQ ID Zygosity of (Units/mg Line Gene NO: 15) Mutation protein) Parent Lpx-D1 Promoter Wt Wt 2045 +/− 34 Express 1 Lpx-D1 Promoter G1269A Homozygous 1956 +/− 36 G1269G Wt Sibling  1922 +/− 8.5 2 Lpx-D1 Promoter C1276T Homozygous 1941 +/− 17 C1276C Wt Sibling 1935 +/− 18 3 Lpx-D1 Promoter C1339T Homozygous 1947 +/− 22 4 Lpx-D1 Promoter G1474A Homozygous 2034 +/− 21 G1474G Wt Sibling 2092 +/− 40 5 Lpx-D1 Promoter G1538A Homozygous  736 +/− 47 6 Lpx-D1 Promoter C1779T Homozygous 1996 +/− 17 7 Lpx-D1 Promoter C1834T Homozygous 1957 +/− 36 8 Lpx-D1 Promoter G1966A Homozygous 1983 +/− 9  G1966G Wt Sibling 1977 +/− 19

Example 7 Improved Shelf-Life of Multiple Lpx-D1 Novel Alleles in 8 Week Accelerated Aging Studies

Hexanal is a degradation product of fatty acids that can be used as a measure of oxidative rancidity. Grains from plants with different alleles in Lpx-D1 were tested for hexanal levels after milling and accelerated aging at 37° C. for 8 weeks as described in Example 5. These included single allele wheat lines from Table 5 including Line 1 homozygous for the Lpx-D1(W81*) allele, Line 6 homozygous for the Lpx-D1(P224S) allele, Line 8 homozygous for the Lpx-D1(P469L) allele, Line 9 homozygous for the Lpx-D1(W494*) allele, Line 7 homozygous for the Lpx-D1(Splice Junction) allele, Line 11 homozygous for the Lpx-D1(R533Q) allele, Line 12 homozygous for the Lpx-D1 (P540S), Line 15 homozygous for the Lpx-D1(W635*) allele, Line 17 homozygous for the Lpx-D1(W666*) allele, Line 18 homozygous for the Lpx-D1(C696Y) allele and Line 20 homozygous for the Lpx-D1(W789*) allele.

In addition, grain from the Parent Line Express (Parent) and sibling lines of wheat Lines 8, 9 and 15 that had wild-type alleles were grown at the same time, milled and used as controls (Wild-type Siblings). Hexanal levels were measured at Medallion Labs as described in Example 5. As shown in FIG. 3, the Parent line and Wild-type Siblings lines had elevated levels of hexanal after 8 weeks accelerated aging of whole grain flour, whereas all single homozygous Lpx-D1 lines had reduced hexanal levels. Lines 1, 8, 9, 7, 11, 15, 17, 18 and 20 had hexanal levels below the level of detection (<0.3 ppm), whereas Lines 6 and 12 had slightly elevated hexanal levels of 0.311 and 0.351 ppm.

In order to further test reduced rancidity and increased shelf-life of whole grain flour derived from grain of novel lipoxygenase mutant alleles, wheat Line 9 (Table 5) homozygous for the Lpx-D1(W494*) allele and wheat Line 22 (Table 5) homozygous for both the Lpx-D1(W494*) and Lpx-B1.2(W510*) alleles were milled as described in Example 5. In addition, sibling lines of wheat Lines 9 or 22 that had homozygous wild-type alleles were milled and used as controls (wild-type siblings). Triplicate biological repeats of whole grain flour were subjected to accelerated aging for 8 weeks and analyzed for hexanal levels as described in Example 5. As shown in FIG. 4, aged grain from plants with homozygous alleles of Line 9 or Line 22 had hexanal levels significantly less than controls (P<0.05), whereas control lines all had increased levels of hexanal.

Example 8 Long Term Reduced Rancidity and Improved Shelf-Life of Lpx1 Novel Alleles Up to the Equivalent of 24 Months at Room Temperature

In order to further test reduced rancidity and increased shelf-life of whole grain flour derived from grain of novel lipoxygenase mutant alleles, wheat Line 9 (Table 5) homozygous for the Lpx-D1(W494*) allele and wheat Line 22 (Table 5) homozygous for both the Lpx-D1(W494*) and Lpx-B1.2(W510*) alleles were milled as described in Example 5. In addition, sibling lines of either Lines 9 or 22 that were homozygous wild-type were grown at the same time and then milled and used as controls (wild-type siblings). The whole grain flours were subjected to accelerated aging for 12 or 30 weeks at 37° C., equivalent to an estimated 10 or 24 months at room temperature, respectively. Hexanal levels were measured at Medallion Labs as described in Example 5.

As shown in FIG. 5, hexanal levels increased to 0.736 ppm in the wild-type sibling aged at 12 weeks. In contrast, hexanal values remained under the limit of detections of <0.3 ppm in wheat Lines 9 and 22 aged at 12 weeks. After 30 weeks of aging, hexanal values of Line 22 wild-type sibling had much higher levels of 3.25 ppm. In even greater contrast, hexanal values of wheat Line 9 aged at 30 weeks only increased to 1.08 ppm and hexanal values of wheat Line 22 aged to 30 weeks only increased to 0.691 ppm. This data demonstrates that novel alleles in Lpx-D1 with reduced lipoxygenase activity singly and in combination with novel alleles in Lpx-B1.2 significantly improve shelf-life of whole grain flour.

Example 9 Reduced Production of Bitter Compound in Milled Whole Grain Flour and Dough Made from Grain of Lpx 1 Novel Alleles

Oxidative degradation of free linoleic acid in whole wheat flour is the main contributor to the bitter taste in bread crumb (Bin & Peterson, Identification of bitter compounds in whole wheat bread crumb, Food Chemistry, 203:8-15 (2016)). The bitter compound 9,12,13-trihydroxy-trans-10-octadecenoic (pinellic) acid is thought to be a product of substrate epoxidation created during peroxidation by lipoxygenase enzymes (Gardner, Decomposition of linoleic acid hydroperoxides, JOAF 23:129-136 (1975)). To measure the improvement of bitter taste in flour and dough made from grain of novel Lpx1 mutant alleles, whole grain samples were milled and stored for 6 months at 37° C. (equivalent to 19 months at room temperature). Fresh whole grain flour samples were milled immediately prior to analysis. Quantification of 9,12,13-trihydroxy-trans-10-octadecenoic (pinellic) acid in flour and dough was performed using ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC/MS/MS) at the Flavor Research and Education Center (University of Minnesota).

In a 15 mL reaction volume, 3 g of flour was extracted with an ethanol-chloroform mix (75:25 v/v) spiked with a butyl 4-hydroxybenzoate at 100 mg/mL internal standard. Duplicate reactions were incubated on an orbital shaking table set to 120 rpm for 3 hours followed by centrifugation at 8000 rpm for 15 minutes at 10° C. After centrifugation, the supernatant was carefully separated from the organic phase, pooled in a 250 mL flat bottom flask, and concentrated via rotary evaporation. The residue was re-solubilized in 4 mL of 10% methanol and then subjected to solid phase extraction using a preconditioned 500 mg C18 cartridge (Supelco, Bellefonte, Pa., USA). Each sample was then eluted with 2 mL of methanol and filtered through 0.20 μm Nylon syringe filters (Millex, Billerica, Calif., USA) for further cleanup.

Dough was created by mixing 12 g of flour with 7.2 g of nanopure water and then rested for 20 minutes to ensure adequate formation of pinellic acid. The dough was then divided into thirds by mass and each portion was suspended in 20 mL of 75% (v/v) ethanol solution spiked with a butyl 4-hydroxybenzoate (100 ng/mL) internal standard. The samples were then incubated on an orbital shaking table set to 120 rpm for 3 hours, followed by centrifugation at 8000 rpm for 15 minutes at 10° C. 2 mL of the supernatant was subjected to solid phase extraction using a preconditioned 500 mg C18 cartridge (Supelco, Bellefonte, Pa., USA). Each sample was then eluted with 2 mL of methanol, and the pooled mixture was further diluted with 2 mL of nanopure water to prevent sample breakthrough during mass spectral analysis.

Injections (2 μL) of flour or dough samples were separated on a 2.1 mm×50 mm ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18 1.7 μm column (Waters, Milford, Mass., USA) held at 25° C. MS conditions were as follows: ESI negative, desolvation temperature, 500° C.; source temperature, 120° C.; capillary voltage, 2.7 kV; desolvation gas, 700 L/hr; cone gas, 65 L/hr. UPLC mobile phase was maintained at a flow rate of 300 μL/min using a binary solvent system of (A) 0.1% formic acid in ultrasonicated nanopure water as the aqueous phase, and (B) 0.1% formic acid in acetonitrile for the organic phase. The elution gradient started at 5% B (0-1 min), linearly increased to 50% B (1-6 min), then increased to 100% B (6-8 min) held at 100% B (8-10 min), and re-equilibrated at 5% B (10-15 min). MS/MS ion transitions and collision energy were as follows: 9,12,13trihydroxytrans-10-octadecenoicacid, ESI-329-->211 (15 eV); butyl4hydroxybenzoate, ESI-193-->136(15ev).

Whole grain flour milled from wheat Line 9 (Table 5) homozygous for the Lpx-D1(W494*) allele and a sibling line that was wild-type for the Lpx-D1 allele in Line 9 were aged for 6 months at 37° C. Freshly milled material from these lines was also analyzed. In addition, freshly milled material from wheat Line 22 (Table 5) homozygous for the Lpx-D1(W494*) and Lpx-B1.2(W510*) alleles and a sibling line wild-type for these alleles was also analyzed.

As shown in FIG. 6, fresh milled whole grain flour made from wheat Line 9 and Line 22 and their wild-type siblings had pinellic acid concentrations of around 5 mg/kg flour. In whole grain flour aged for 6 months, pinellic acid levels increased up to 20 mg/kg flour. However, Line 9 had a 15% decrease in pinellic acid formation compared to the wild-type sibling aged for the same length of time. This data shows that novel alleles in Lpx-D1 significantly reduces the production of bitter compounds in aged whole grain flour.

The effect of Lpx 1 novel alleles on bitter compound formation in dough made from whole grain is shown in FIG. 7. Dough made from freshly milled whole grain flour from wheat Line 9 had a low pinellic acid concentration of 60 mg/kg dough compared to the wild-type Line 9 sibling that had over triple the amount of pinellic acid (200 mg/kg dough). Similarly, dough made from freshly milled whole grain flour of Line 22 had a very low pinellic acid concentration of 32 mg/kg dough, while the wild-type Line 22 sibling had over ten times the amount of pinellic acid (340 mg/kg). This data demonstrates that dough made from whole grain flour from wheat with novel alleles in Lpx-D1 and in combination with novel alleles in Lpx-B1.2 significantly reduces the concentration of the major bitter compound found in whole grain products.

Also shown in FIG. 7, dough made from whole grain flour of wheat Line 9 aged for 6 months had significantly reduced pinellic acid concentration (160 mg/kg of dough) compared to the wild-type sibling line had concentration at over six times this amount at 910 mg/kg dough demonstrating improved shelf life of flour containing novel Lpx1 alleles. This data shows that dough made from aged whole grain flour from wheat with novel alleles in Lpx-D1 significantly reduces the concentration of the major bitter compound found in whole grain products.

The above examples are provided to illustrate the invention but not limit its scope. Other variants of the invention will be readily apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art and are encompassed by the appended claims and all their equivalents. The examples above used TILLING technology to create and identify mutations in one or more Lpx genes of wheat but one of ordinary skill in the art would understand that other methods such as targeted mutagenesis (also known as site-directed mutagenesis, site-specific mutagenesis, oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis or genome editing) could be used to create the useful mutations disclosed herein in one or more Lpx1 loci of wheat (see for example Zhang et al., PNAS 107(26):12028-12033, 2010; Saika et al., Plant Physiology 156:1269-1277, 2011). All publications, patents, and patent applications cited herein are hereby incorporated by reference.

Informational Sequence Listing

SEQ ID NO Name Sequence Length 1 Lpx-D1 3863 bp Genomic Sequence 2 Lpx-D1 2586 bp Coding Sequence 3 Lpx-D1 862 amino acids Protein Sequence 4 Lpx-B1.2 4263 bp Genomic Sequence 5 Lpx-B1.2 2586 bp Coding Sequence 6 Lpx-B1.2 862 amino acids Protein Sequence SEQ ID NO: 1 Lpx-D1 genomic ATGATACTGGGCGGGCTCATCGACAGCCTGACCGGCGCGAACAAG nucleic acid AACGCACGTCTCAAGGGCACGGCGGTGCTGATGAGGAAGAACGTG sequence CTGGACCTCACCGACTTCGGCGCCACCATCATGGACGGCATCGGC GACTTCCTCGGCAAGGGCGTCACCTGCCAGCTTATCAGCTCCACC CTCATCGACCACGGTAAGCAGTGCACCCTTCTCCTCTTCCTCCTC CTCCTCTCCTCTCCTTACTAGATATGTCTTTTAATTTGTGTTGTC GGCCATGGATGCATGGATGTATCTCGATCGGCTAAAGATAGAGAT AGCCTCGGTCGGTCGGTCGTCTTTAGCTGAGCATGGGCATGCCAT GGAAAGAAGAGACAATAGTAGCATGGTGCGTGCACCAGAGCTTGC AGAGCATCGGATGCTCGAGACAAAGCAATAGAACAAGCAAGCACA CGTCAAAAGTAACTATCACAACCTAAACTAAAGCTTTGAACTCGA CTCCCAACAATCAATCAGGTTGACACGTACTAGTAAACTAAAGCA CATGTGAGAACGAACGAACTGCGTGCGTGCGTGCAGACAACGGCG GGCGCGGGAAGGTGGGCGCGGAGGCGGAGCTGGAGCAGTGGGTGA CGAGCCTGCCGTCGCTGACGACGGGGGAGTCCAAGTTCGGCCTCA CCTTCGACTGGGAGGTGGAGAAGCTGGGGGTGCCCGGCGCCATCG TCGTCAACAACTACCACAGCTCCGAGTTCCTGCTCAAGACGGTCA CCCTCCACGACGTCCCCGGCCGCGGCAACCTCTCCTTCGTCGCCA ACTCCTGGATCTACCCCGCCGCCACCTACACCTACAGCCGCGTCT TCTTCGCCAACGATGTGAGTTGTGAGCCTCCCTTGTTTCCTCTCC TTTCCTTTCCATTTCACTGCCTTCGTCATTCATGGTCATTAAGTC TTCTTTGAGATAAGATAAGATTAGTAGGTGCAGAATTTATTCCGT GTTGGTAGAGAAAAAGGATATGGCTAGGTGCAGCAGAAGATTGAA TGAAACCGGCACCGTGGCACCGTGGTAGGTGAAGAAAACTGTTGC CCTTGCCTGACCAAGTGTGCGACCTGCTGCTGCCGGGTTATTTCT TTGAGATAAGACACGTACGTGGGCTCACATGAACGCAAGCATGGC TCCACCACCATGGGACGACCTCGGTCGCTACATGGCCGCCTCAGA ACTTTTAAAAGATGTTGCATGATACGGTAGTAGCACTCAATCCGG TTTACTTTGCCGAAACGGTGACATAAAACACATGAAAGAAAAAGC GATTATACTGCTCTAGTTGGCAAAGCAAAATCATCTAATTCACGT ACTTCTTTTGTCATGAGCAAGCCATCGATCGGCTTCCGGCCTGCA GGTTCAGTGCTCGTCTAAAATGACAAATTTTCTTGCCATGTTACG CGCGTACAGACGTACCTGCCGAGCCAGATGCCGGCGGCGCTGAAG CCGTACCGCGACGACGAGCTCCGGAACCTGCGGGGCGACGATCGG CAGGGGCCCTACCAGGAGCACGACCGCGTCTACCGCTACGACGTC TACAACGACCTCGGCGAGGGCCGCCCGGTCCTCGGCGGCAGCGCC GAGCACCCTTACCCGCGGCGCGGCCGCACGGGCCGCAAGCCCAAC GCCAGCGACCCGAGCCTGGAGAGCCGGCTGTCGCTGCTGGAGCAG ATCTACGTGCCGCGGGACGAGAAGTTCGGCCACCTCAAGACGTCC GACTTCCTGGGCTACTCCATCAAGGCCATCACGCAGGGCATCCTG CCGGCGGTGCGCACCTACGTCGACACCACCCCCGGCGAGTTCGAC TCCTTCCAGGACATCATGAACCTCTACGAGGGCGGCATCAAGCTG CCCATGGTGCCCGCCCTCGAGGAGCTGCGCAAGCAGTTCCCGCTC CAGCTCATCAAGGACCTGCTCCCCGTGGGCGGCGACTCGCTGCTG AAGCTCCCTGTGCCACATATCATCCAGGCGGACCAGCAGGCGTGG AGGACCGACGAGGAGTTCGCGCGCGAGGTGCTCGCCGGCGTCAAC CCGGTCATGATCACGCGTCTCACGGTCAGTCAACGGTTACTATGT GTAGAATATGTATGTTGTCCATGGTGAGAGCACGCAAATCTTACT TGGTGTTGGGTCGGCATGCATGCAGGAGTTCCCGCCAAAAAGTAG TCTTGACCCTAGCAAGTTTGGTGACCACACCAGCACCATCACGGC GGCACACATCCAGAAGAACCTCGAGGGCCTCACCGTGCAGCAGGT AATAATATACACGATCGAGTTGGCCAACCCATCGCGATCAACTGT GATTTGGTGGGAGCAGGTCTAAGTAATTTTGGCTTGTTGCATGCA GGCGCTGGAAAGTAACAGGCTCTACATACTTGATCACCACGACCG GTTCATGCCGTTCCTGATCGAAGTCAACAACCTGCCCGGCAACTT CATCTACGCCACCAGGACCCTCTTCTTCCTGCGCGGCGACGGCAG GCTCACGCCGCTCGCCATCGAGCTGAGCGAGCCCGTCATCCTGGG CGGCCTCACCACCGCCAAGAGCAAGGTGTACACGCCGGTGCCGAG CGGCAGCGTCGAAGGCTGGGTGTGGGAGTTCGCCAAGGCCTACGT CGCCGTCAACGACTCCGGCTGGCACCAGCTCGTCAGCCACTGGTA CGTGCACTACGGATTAACCAAACAATGGCGACACACCCCTCAAAA AAGAAAAGAAAAACAATGGCGACACTGACTCGGTGTGATTCAGTC AGTCGATGCACAACTGACCTATGATTGAAACGTGTAGGCTGAACA CCCACGCGGTGATGGAGCCGTTTGTGATCTCGACGAACCGGCACC TCAGCGTGACGCACCCGGTGCACAAGCTGCTGAGCCCGCACTACC GCGACACCATGACCATCAACGCGCTGGCGCGGCAGACGCTCATCA ACGCCGGCGGCATCTTCGAGATGACGGTGTTCCCGGGCAAGTTTG CGCTGGGGATGTCGTCGGTGGTGTACAAGGACTGGAAGTTCACCG AGCAGGGCCTGCCCGACGATCTCATCAAGAGGGGCATGGCGGTGG AGGACCTATCGAGCCCTTACAAGGTGCGGCTTCTGGTGTCGGACT ACCCGTACGCGGCGGACGGGCTGGCGATCTGGCACGCCATCGAGC AGTACGTGGGCGAGTACCTGGCCATCTACTACCCGGACGACGGCG TGCTGCGGGGCGACACGGAGCTGCAGGCGTGGTGGAAGGAGGCGC GCGAGGTCGGGCACGGCGACCTCAAGGACGCGCCGTGGTGGCCGA GGATGCAGGGCGTGGGGGAGCTGGCCAAGGCGTGCACCACCATCA TCTGGATCGGGTCGGCGCTGCACGCGGCGGTCAACTTCGGGCAGT ACCCGTACGCGGGGTTCCTCCCGAACCGGCCGACGGTGAGCCGGC GCCGCATGCCGGAGCCCGGGACGGACGCGTACGCGGAGCTGGAGC GCGACCCGGAGCGGGCCTTCATCCACACCATCACCAGCCAGATCC AGACCATCATCGGCATCTCGCTGTTGGAGGTGCTGTCCAAACACT CCTCTGACGAGCTCTACCTGGGGCAGCGCGACACGCCGGAGTGGA CCTCGGACCCCAAGGCCCTGGAGGTGTTCAAGCGGTTCAGCGAGC GGCTGGTGGAGATCGAGAGCAAGGTGGTGGGCATGAACCACGACC CGCAGCTGTTGAACCGCAACGGCCCGGCCAAGCTCCCCTACATGC TGCTCTACCCCAACACCTCCGACCACAAGGGCGCCGCCGCCGGCC TCACCGCCAAGGGCATCCCCAACAGCATCTCCATCTGA SEQ ID NO: 2 Lpx-D1 ATGATACTGGGCGGGCTCATCGACAGCCTGACCGGCGCGAACAAG Coding sequence AACGCACGTCTCAAGGGCACGGCGGTGCTGATGAGGAAGAACGTG CTGGACCTCACCGACTTCGGCGCCACCATCATGGACGGCATCGGC GACTTCCTCGGCAAGGGCGTCACCTGCCAGCTTATCAGCTCCACC CTCATCGACCACGACAACGGCGGGCGCGGGAAGGTGGGCGCGGAG GCGGAGCTGGAGCAGTGGGTGACGAGCCTGCCGTCGCTGACGACG GGGGAGTCCAAGTTCGGCCTCACCTTCGACTGGGAGGTGGAGAAG CTGGGGGTGCCCGGCGCCATCGTCGTCAACAACTACCACAGCTCC GAGTTCCTGCTCAAGACGGTCACCCTCCACGACGTCCCCGGCCGC GGCAACCTCTCCTTCGTCGCCAACTCCTGGATCTACCCCGCCGCC ACCTACACCTACAGCCGCGTCTTCTTCGCCAACGATACGTACCTG CCGAGCCAGATGCCGGCGGCGCTGAAGCCGTACCGCGACGACGAG CTCCGGAACCTGCGGGGCGACGATCGGCAGGGGCCCTACCAGGAG CACGACCGCGTCTACCGCTACGACGTCTACAACGACCTCGGCGAG GGCCGCCCGGTCCTCGGCGGCAGCGCCGAGCACCCTTACCCGCGG CGCGGCCGCACGGGCCGCAAGCCCAACGCCAGCGACCCGAGCCTG GAGAGCCGGCTGTCGCTGCTGGAGCAGATCTACGTGCCGCGGGAC GAGAAGTTCGGCCACCTCAAGACGTCCGACTTCCTGGGCTACTCC ATCAAGGCCATCACGCAGGGCATCCTGCCGGCGGTGCGCACCTAC GTCGACACCACCCCCGGCGAGTTCGACTCCTTCCAGGACATCATG AACCTCTACGAGGGCGGCATCAAGCTGCCCATGGTGCCCGCCCTC GAGGAGCTGCGCAAGCAGTTCCCGCTCCAGCTCATCAAGGACCTG CTCCCCGTGGGCGGCGACTCGCTGCTGAAGCTCCCTGTGCCACAT ATCATCCAGGCGGACCAGCAGGCGTGGAGGACCGACGAGGAGTTC GCGCGCGAGGTGCTCGCCGGCGTCAACCCGGTCATGATCACGCGT CTCACGGAGTTCCCGCCAAAAAGTAGTCTTGACCCTAGCAAGTTT GGTGACCACACCAGCACCATCACGGCGGCACACATCCAGAAGAAC CTCGAGGGCCTCACCGTGCAGCAGGCGCTGGAAAGTAACAGGCTC TACATACTTGATCACCACGACCGGTTCATGCCGTTCCTGATCGAA GTCAACAACCTGCCCGGCAACTTCATCTACGCCACCAGGACCCTC TTCTTCCTGCGCGGCGACGGCAGGCTCACGCCGCTCGCCATCGAG CTGAGCGAGCCCGTCATCCTGGGCGGCCTCACCACCGCCAAGAGC AAGGTGTACACGCCGGTGCCGAGCGGCAGCGTCGAAGGCTGGGTG TGGGAGTTCGCCAAGGCCTACGTCGCCGTCAACGACTCCGGCTGG CACCAGCTCGTCAGCCACTGGCTGAACACCCACGCGGTGATGGAG CCGTTTGTGATCTCGACGAACCGGCACCTCAGCGTGACGCACCCG GTGCACAAGCTGCTGAGCCCGCACTACCGCGACACCATGACCATC AACGCGCTGGCGCGGCAGACGCTCATCAACGCCGGCGGCATCTTC GAGATGACGGTGTTCCCGGGCAAGTTTGCGCTGGGGATGTCGTCG GTGGTGTACAAGGACTGGAAGTTCACCGAGCAGGGCCTGCCCGAC GATCTCATCAAGAGGGGCATGGCGGTGGAGGACCTATCGAGCCCT TACAAGGTGCGGCTTCTGGTGTCGGACTACCCGTACGCGGCGGAC GGGCTGGCGATCTGGCACGCCATCGAGCAGTACGTGGGCGAGTAC CTGGCCATCTACTACCCGGACGACGGCGTGCTGCGGGGCGACACG GAGCTGCAGGCGTGGTGGAAGGAGGCGCGCGAGGTCGGGCACGGC GACCTCAAGGACGCGCCGTGGTGGCCGAGGATGCAGGGCGTGGGG GAGCTGGCCAAGGCGTGCACCACCATCATCTGGATCGGGTCGGCG CTGCACGCGGCGGTCAACTTCGGGCAGTACCCGTACGCGGGGTTC CTCCCGAACCGGCCGACGGTGAGCCGGCGCCGCATGCCGGAGCCC GGGACGGACGCGTACGCGGAGCTGGAGCGCGACCCGGAGCGGGCC TTCATCCACACCATCACCAGCCAGATCCAGACCATCATCGGCATC TCGCTGTTGGAGGTGCTGTCCAAACACTCCTCTGACGAGCTCTAC CTGGGGCAGCGCGACACGCCGGAGTGGACCTCGGACCCCAAGGCC CTGGAGGTGTTCAAGCGGTTCAGCGAGCGGCTGGTGGAGATCGAG AGCAAGGTGGTGGGCATGAACCACGACCCGCAGCTGTTGAACCGC AACGGCCCGGCCAAGCTCCCCTACATGCTGCTCTACCCCAACACC TCCGACCACAAGGGCGCCGCCGCCGGCCTCACCGCCAAGGGCATC CCCAACAGCATCTCCATCTGA SEQ ID NO: 3 Lpx-D1 Amino MILGGLIDSLTGANKNARLKGTAVLMRKNVLDLTDFGATIMDGIG acid sequence DFLGKGVTCQLISSTLIDHDNGGRGKVGAEAELEQWVTSLPSLTT GESKFGLTFDWEVEKLGVPGAIVVNNYHSSEFLLKTVTLHDVPGR GNLSFVANSWIYPAATYTYSRVFFANDTYLPSQMPAALKPYRDDE LRNLRGDDRQGPYQEHDRVYRYDVYNDLGEGRPVLGGSAEHPYPR RGRTGRKPNASDPSLESRLSLLEQIYVPRDEKFGHLKTSDFLGYS IKAITQGILPAVRTYVDTTPGEFDSFQDIMNLYEGGIKLPMVPAL EELRKQFPLQLIKDLLPVGGDSLLKLPVPHIIQADQQAWRTDEEF AREVLAGVNPVMITRLTEFPPKSSLDPSKFGDHTSTITAAHIQKN LEGLTVQQALESNRLYILDHHDRFMPFLIEVNNLPGNFIYATRTL FFLRGDGRLTPLAIELSEPVILGGLTTAKSKVYTPVPSGSVEGWV WEFAKAYVAVNDSGWHQLVSHWLNTHAVMEPFVISTNRHLSVTHP VHKLLSPHYRDTMTINALARQTLINAGGIFEMTVFPGKFALGMSS VVYKDWKFTEQGLPDDLIKRGMAVEDLSSPYKVRLLVSDYPYAAD GLAIWHAIEQYVGEYLAIYYPDDGVLRGDTELQAWWKEAREVGHG DLKDAPWWPRMQGVGELAKACTTIIWIGSALHAAVNFGQYPYAGF LPNRPTVSRRRMPEPGTDAYAELERDPERAFIHTITSQIQTIIGI SLLEVLSKHSSDELYLGQRDTPEWTSDPKALEVFKRFSERLVEIE SKVVGMNHDPQLLNRNGPAKLPYMLLYPNTSDHKGAAAGLTAKGI PNSISI SEQ ID NO: 4 Lpx-B1.2 ATGATACTGGGCGGGCTCGTCGACAGCCTGACCGGCGCGAACAAG genomic nucleic AGCGCACGGCTCCAGGGCACGGTGGTGCTCATGAGGAAGAACGTG acid sequence CTGGACCTCAACGACTTCGGCGCCACCATCATGGACGGCATCGGC GAGTTCATCGGCAAGGGCGTCACCTGCCAGCTTATCAGCTCCACC CTCGTCGACCACGGTAAGCAGTGCACCATTCTCCTCTTCCTCCTC CTCCTCTCCTTGGTAGATATTTCTTTTGTGTTGTCGGCCATGGAT GCATGGATGTATCTCGATCGGCTAAAGAATGATAGATAGATAGCC ATGGTCGGTCGTCTTTAGCTGAGCATGGGCATGGAAAGAAGAGAC GAGAGCATGGTGCGTGCACCAGAGCTTACAGAGCACCAGATGCTC CAGACAAAGCAATAGAACAAGCAAGGACACGTCGCCAAAAGCAAC AAACACAACCTAAACTAAAGCACAAAGACGTAGCGATGAAAAAAG CATCGTGGGCAGATGCTCTAACCATGCGAGACCGTGCTCCGTGCA GACAACGGCGGGCGTGGGAAGGTGGGCGCGGAGGCGGAGCTGGAG CAGTGGGTGACGAGCCTGCCGTCGCTGACGACGGGGGAGTCCAAG TTCGGCCTCACCTTCGACTGGGAGGTGGAGAAGCTGGGCGTGCCG GGCGCCATCATCGTCAACAACCACCACAGCTCCGAGTTCCTGCTC AAGACCGTCACCCTCCACGACGTCCCCGGCCGCGGCAACCTCTCC TTCGTCGCCAACTCCTGGATCTACCCCGTTGGCAGCTACACCTAC AGCCGCGTCTTCTTCGCCAACGATGTGAGTTGTGACTTGTGAGCC TTGCCTTTCCTCTCCTTTCCTTTTCACTGGCTTCCTCATTCATGG TCATTTAAGTCTTCTCTGAGATAAGATAAGATTAGTAGGTGCAGA ATTTATTCCATGTTGGTAGAAAAAAGATATGGCTAGGTGCAGCAG AAGATTGAATGAATGTGGCACCGTGGTTGGTGAAGACAACTGCTG CCCTTGACTGACCTGCTGCTGGGTTCTTCCTTTGGGATAAGAACA CCGAGCGAGACACGTACGTACGTGAGCTCAAACGAACCCATGGCT CCACCTCCATGACCTGATCCTTCCCTTGAAACGACCTAAGATAGT TACATGGCCGAGCCCAGAACAAACTTTTAAAAAGAGATGCTGCAT AGTCATGATACAGTGACATAATAAAACACATGAAAGAAGAGGCGA TTATTGCTCTAGTTGGCAAAGCAAAATAATCTACTAACTCTTGTG TAGTACTACTAGCTAGCAACATACGTACGGGAGTTCTTTTGTCAT AAACAAGCGATCGATCGGCTTCCTGCAGGTTCAGTGCTCATCTAA AATGACAAATTTTTTGGTATGTGTACCTACGCGCAGACGTACCTG CCGAGCCAGATGCCAGCGGCGCTGAAGCCGTACCGCGACGACGAG CTCCGGAACCTGCGGGGCGACGACCGGCAGGGCCCCTACCAGGAG CACGACCGCGTCTACCGCTACGACGTCTACAACGACCTCGGCGAG GGCCGCCCCGTCCTCGGCGGCAGCGCCGAGCACCCCTATCCGCGC CGCGGCCGCACCGGGCGCAAGCCCAACGCCAACGACCCGAGCTTG GAGAGCCGGCTGTCGCTGCTGGAGCAGATCTACGTGCCGCGGGAC GAGAAGTTCGGCCACCTCAAGACGTCCGACTTCCTGGGCTACTCC ATCAAGGCCATCACGCAGGGCATCCTGCCGGCGGTGCGCACCTAC GTCGACACCACCCCCGGCGAGTTCGACTCCTTCCAGGACATCATC AACCTCTACGAGGGCGGCATCAAGCTGCCCAACGTCCCCGCCCTC GAGGAGCTGCGCAAGCAGTTCCCGCTCCAGCTCATCAAGGACCTC CTCCCCGTGGGTGGCGACTCGCTGCTCAAGCTCCCCGTCCCCCAC ATCATCCAGGCGGACCAGCAGGCGTGGCGGACCGACGAGGAGTTC TCCCGGGAGGTCCTTGCCGGCGTCAACCCGGTCATGATCACGCGT CTCACGGTGAGTCAACAATAATTGAACAGTCTTACTAAAGGCCCG TTCGGAGGCTCTCCACTCCTCAACTCTCTCCCGGAGCGGCCGGAG CTTCAGTTTAAAATTATGGAGTGGCCGAAGAGGTACTCCGCAGAT CCTTGTATTCTGCGGAGCTGGGCCAGTGCCGAACAGGGCCTAAGT CTCAGTCGATCTATATCCGACAGATCTTACATTAAGATTCTTTTC AGTTTTTCTTTTTCTTTTTTTGCATGTTATATCAAATTTGACTAA GACTTCATTAAATCTCGGTCGACAGAAACTTAGCCACACACCATA ATTGAACGATGAATGAGTATGCTATCCATGGATCGAGAACCGAGA GGTGAGAGCGTGCCTGATCTTAATTTGTGTTGGGTGGCATGCATA CAGGAGTTCCCGCCAAAAAGTAGTCTGGACCCTAGCAAGTTTGGT GACCACACCAGCACCGTCACGGCGGCGCACATCGAGAAAAACCTC GAAGGCCTCACCGTGCAGCAGGTAATAATACTACAATACACGAGT CGGCCAACCCATCGCGATCAACTGTGATTTGATGGAAGCAGGTGT AACTAATTTTGGCATGTTGCAACTTGTTGCATGCAGGCCCTTGAA AGCAACCGGTTGTACATCCTTGATCACCACGACCGGTTCATGCCG TTCCTCATCGACGTCAACAACCTGCCCGGCAACTTCATCTACGCC ACGAGGACCCTCTTCTTCCTGCGCGGCGACGGCAGGCTCACGCCG CTCGCCATCGAGCTCAGCGAGCCTGTCATACAGGGCGGCCTCACC ACCGCCAAGAGCAAGGTGTACACGCCGGTGCCGAGCGGCAGCGTC GAAGGATGGGTGTGGGAGTTCGCCAAGGCCTACGTCGCCGTCAAC GACTCTGGGTGGCACCAGCTCGTCAGCCACTGGTACGTGCACTAC GGACTAACCAAACAACTGAGAACAGTCTTACTAAGTCTCAGTCGA TCTATATCCGACACTGACTCGGTGTGATTCAGTCAGTCGATGCAC AACTGACCTATGATTGAAACGTGCAGGCTGAACACTCATGCGGTG ATGGAGCCGTTTGTGATCTCGACGAACCGGCAGCTCAGCGTGACG CACCCGGTGCACAAGCTGCTGAGCCCGCACTACCGCGACACGATG ACCATCAACGCGCTAGCGCGGCAGACGCTCATCAACGCCGGCGGC ATCTTCGAGATGACGGTGTTCCCGGGCAAGTTCGCGTTGGGGATG TCGTCAGTGGTGTACAAGGACTGGAAGTTCACGGAGCAGGGCCTG CCCGACGATCTCATCAAGAGGTACGTACCAAGTATAATGTACTAA TGAAACTGTGTTACAAATCATGCTTTTAGATGACTGACGACACAT ACGTGGTGCATAACAAAAAAATGCAGGGGCATGGCGGTGGAGGAC CCGTCGAGCCCGTACAAGGTGAGGCTGCTGGTGTCTGACTACCCG TACGCGGCGGACGGGCTGGCGATCTGGCACGCCATCGAGCAGTAC GTGAGCGAGTACCTGGCCATTTACTACCCGAACGATGGCGTGGTG CAGGGCGACGTGGAGCTGCAGGCGTGGTGGAAGGAGGTGCGCGAG GTGGGGCACGGCGACCTCAAGGTCGCGCCATGGTGGCCGAGGATG CAAGCCGTGGGCGAGCTGGCCAAGGCGTGCACCACCATCATCTGG ATCGGGTCGGCGCTGCATGCGGCGGTCAACTTCGGGCAGTACCCA TACGCGGGGTTCCTCCCGAACCGGCCGACGGTGAGCCGGCGCCGC ATGCCGGAGCCGGGGACCGAGCAGTACGCGGAGCTGGAGCGCGAC CCGGAGCGGGCCTTCATCCACACCATCACTAGCCAGATCCAGACC ATCATCGGCATCTCGCTGCTGGAGGTGCTGTCGAAGCACTCCTCC GACGAGCTCTACCTCGGGCAGCGTGACACGCCGGAGTGGACCTCG GACCCCAAGGCCCTGGAGGTGTTCAAGCGGTTCAGCGAGCGGCTA GCGGAGATCGAGAGCAAGGTGGTGGGCATGAACCACGACCCGCAG CTGTTGAACCGCAACGGTCCGGCCAAGTTCCCCTACATGTTGCTC TACCCCAACACCTCCGATCACAAGGGCGCCGCCGCCGGGCTCACC GCTAAGGGCATCCCCAACAGCATCTCCATCTGA SEQ ID NO: 5 Lpx-B1.2 ATGATACTGGGCGGGCTCGTCGACAGCCTGACCGGCGCGAACAAG Coding sequence AGCGCACGGCTCCAGGGCACGGTGGTGCTCATGAGGAAGAACGTG CTGGACCTCAACGACTTCGGCGCCACCATCATGGACGGCATCGGC GAGTTCATCGGCAAGGGCGTCACCTGCCAGCTTATCAGCTCCACC CTCGTCGACCACGACAACGGCGGGCGTGGGAAGGTGGGCGCGGAG GCGGAGCTGGAGCAGTGGGTGACGAGCCTGCCGTCGCTGACGACG GGGGAGTCCAAGTTCGGCCTCACCTTCGACTGGGAGGTGGAGAAG CTGGGCGTGCCGGGCGCCATCATCGTCAACAACCACCACAGCTCC GAGTTCCTGCTCAAGACCGTCACCCTCCACGACGTCCCCGGCCGC GGCAACCTCTCCTTCGTCGCCAACTCCTGGATCTACCCCGTTGGC AGCTACACCTACAGCCGCGTCTTCTTCGCCAACGATACGTACCTG CCGAGCCAGATGCCAGCGGCGCTGAAGCCGTACCGCGACGACGAG CTCCGGAACCTGCGGGGCGACGACCGGCAGGGCCCCTACCAGGAG CACGACCGCGTCTACCGCTACGACGTCTACAACGACCTCGGCGAG GGCCGCCCCGTCCTCGGCGGCAGCGCCGAGCACCCCTATCCGCGC CGCGGCCGCACCGGGCGCAAGCCCAACGCCAACGACCCGAGCTTG GAGAGCCGGCTGTCGCTGCTGGAGCAGATCTACGTGCCGCGGGAC GAGAAGTTCGGCCACCTCAAGACGTCCGACTTCCTGGGCTACTCC ATCAAGGCCATCACGCAGGGCATCCTGCCGGCGGTGCGCACCTAC GTCGACACCACCCCCGGCGAGTTCGACTCCTTCCAGGACATCATC AACCTCTACGAGGGCGGCATCAAGCTGCCCAACGTCCCCGCCCTC GAGGAGCTGCGCAAGCAGTTCCCGCTCCAGCTCATCAAGGACCTC CTCCCCGTGGGTGGCGACTCGCTGCTCAAGCTCCCCGTCCCCCAC ATCATCCAGGCGGACCAGCAGGCGTGGCGGACCGACGAGGAGTTC TCCCGGGAGGTCCTTGCCGGCGTCAACCCGGTCATGATCACGCGT CTCACGGAGTTCCCGCCAAAAAGTAGTCTGGACCCTAGCAAGTTT GGTGACCACACCAGCACCGTCACGGCGGCGCACATCGAGAAAAAC CTCGAAGGCCTCACCGTGCAGCAGGCCCTTGAAAGCAACCGGTTG TACATCCTTGATCACCACGACCGGTTCATGCCGTTCCTCATCGAC GTCAACAACCTGCCCGGCAACTTCATCTACGCCACGAGGACCCTC TTCTTCCTGCGCGGCGACGGCAGGCTCACGCCGCTCGCCATCGAG CTCAGCGAGCCTGTCATACAGGGCGGCCTCACCACCGCCAAGAGC AAGGTGTACACGCCGGTGCCGAGCGGCAGCGTCGAAGGATGGGTG TGGGAGTTCGCCAAGGCCTACGTCGCCGTCAACGACTCTGGGTGG CACCAGCTCGTCAGCCACTGGCTGAACACTCATGCGGTGATGGAG CCGTTTGTGATCTCGACGAACCGGCAGCTCAGCGTGACGCACCCG GTGCACAAGCTGCTGAGCCCGCACTACCGCGACACGATGACCATC AACGCGCTAGCGCGGCAGACGCTCATCAACGCCGGCGGCATCTTC GAGATGACGGTGTTCCCGGGCAAGTTCGCGTTGGGGATGTCGTCA GTGGTGTACAAGGACTGGAAGTTCACGGAGCAGGGCCTGCCCGAC GATCTCATCAAGAGGGGCATGGCGGTGGAGGACCCGTCGAGCCCG TACAAGGTGAGGCTGCTGGTGTCTGACTACCCGTACGCGGCGGAC GGGCTGGCGATCTGGCACGCCATCGAGCAGTACGTGAGCGAGTAC CTGGCCATTTACTACCCGAACGATGGCGTGGTGCAGGGCGACGTG GAGCTGCAGGCGTGGTGGAAGGAGGTGCGCGAGGTGGGGCACGGC GACCTCAAGGTCGCGCCATGGTGGCCGAGGATGCAAGCCGTGGGC GAGCTGGCCAAGGCGTGCACCACCATCATCTGGATCGGGTCGGCG CTGCATGCGGCGGTCAACTTCGGGCAGTACCCATACGCGGGGTTC CTCCCGAACCGGCCGACGGTGAGCCGGCGCCGCATGCCGGAGCCG GGGACCGAGCAGTACGCGGAGCTGGAGCGCGACCCGGAGCGGGCC TTCATCCACACCATCACTAGCCAGATCCAGACCATCATCGGCATC TCGCTGCTGGAGGTGCTGTCGAAGCACTCCTCCGACGAGCTCTAC CTCGGGCAGCGTGACACGCCGGAGTGGACCTCGGACCCCAAGGCC CTGGAGGTGTTCAAGCGGTTCAGCGAGCGGCTAGCGGAGATCGAG AGCAAGGTGGTGGGCATGAACCACGACCCGCAGCTGTTGAACCGC AACGGTCCGGCCAAGTTCCCCTACATGTTGCTCTACCCCAACACC TCCGATCACAAGGGCGCCGCCGCCGGGCTCACCGCTAAGGGCATC CCCAACAGCATCTCCATCTGA SEQ ID NO: 6 Lpx-B1.2 Amino MILGGLVDSLTGANKSARLQGTVVLMRKNVLDLNDFGATIMDGIG acids sequence EFIGKGVTCQLISSTLVDHDNGGRGKVGAEAELEQWVTSLPSLTT GESKFGLTFDWEVEKLGVPGAIIVNNHEISSEFLLKTVTLHDVPG RGNLSFVANSWIYPVGSYTYSRVFFANDTYLPSQMPAALKPYRDD ELRNLRGDDRQGPYQEHDRVYRYDVYNDLGEGRPVLGGSAEHPYP RRGRTGRKPNANDPSLESRLSLLEQIYVPRDEKFGHLKTSDFLGY SIKAITQGILPAVRTYVDTTPGEFDSFQDIINLYEGGIKLPNVPA LEELRKQFPLQLIKDLLPVGGDSLLKLPVPHIIQADQQAWRTDEE FSREVLAGVNPVMITRLTEFPPKSSLDPSKFGDHTSTVTAAHIEK NLEGLTVQQALESNRLYILDHHDRFMPFLIDVNNLPGNFIYATRT LFFLRGDGRLTPLAIELSEPVIQGGLTTAKSKVYTPVPSGSVEGW VWEFAKAYVAVNDSGWHQLVSHWLNTHAVMEPFVISTNRQLSVTH PVHKLLSPHYRDTMTINALARQTLINAGGIFEMTVFPGKFALGMS SVVYKDWKFTEQGLPDDLIKRGMAVEDPSSPYKVRLLVSDYPYAA DGLAIWHAIEQYVSEYLAIYYPNDGVVQGDVELQAWWKEVREVGH GDLKVAPWWPRMQAVGELAKACTTIIWIGSALHAAVNFGQYPYAG FLPNRPTVSRRRMPEPGTEQYAELERDPERAFIHTITSQIQTIIG ISLLEVLSKHSSDELYLGQRDTPEWTSDPKALEVFKRFSERLAEI ESKVVGMNHDPQLLNRNGPAKFPYMLLYPNTSDHKGAAAGLTAKG IPNSISI SEQ ID NO: 7 TaLpx1D_4_L-1 TGGTGAGAGCACGCAAATCTTACTTGG SEQ ID NO: 8 TaLpxB1.2-D1-5R1 CGTTTCAATCATAGGTCAGTTGTGCATCGA SEQ ID NO: 9 TaLpx1D_67_R_3 CGCGTACGGGTAGTCCGACACCAGAAG SEQ ID NO: 10 TaLpx1D_In1_L4 GCATGCCATGGAAAGAAGAGACAATAGTAGC SEQ ID NO: 11 TaLpx1D_3_R-1 TGCGTGCTCTCACCATGGACAACATACATA SEQ ID NO: 12 TaLpx1D_Ex5_L6 GCAGGCGCTGGAAAGTAACAGGCTCT SEQ ID NO: 13 TaLpx1D_Ex7_R3 TGGACGAGACGAAGCTCCGATGTACCA SEQ ID NO: 14 TaLpx1.2B_4_L-1 GAGGTGAGAGCGTGCCTGATCTTAATTTG SEQ ID NO: 16 LpxD1proL TCATGCCGCTGATCGTCGC SEQ ID NO: 17 LpxD1proR CTTGCTGCTATTTCAGTACCG CACCGCTGTAACAGCCCCATTGTCTAGCTCAAAGAACTCTCTCAT GGCCACAATTACATCAGGAGGAAGCTGCTCTTTGAACTTTACAGC GAAGGCATCCAGGGTGGCAGTGGTGACGTCCTGCCCGTTCTTGAT GATGCCCAGGCTGCGGCCAATAAACTGCTCAGCCGCCTGTGCCGC CGGCGTCGTTGCTGCGAGGACAGCAGGGCGCCTGATCCTCTGCAG GGAGAGGCCACCCACCTTGGAGATCTTCACGCCAGCGAGAGTTTT CCGACGGGCTGCCGGCTTCCTGGGTGGTGTTGAAGCAGGGGAAGG AGGGAGATCCGGGGCAGACATCAAGAGCGCAGGCTGGCGAGCACA GAACAGTGGTTCCGGGAGAGCCACCCCCAGGCTTGGCACAAGCAG CTCAGCAAGCCCCGCCGGCAACACGTCATCATCTGCACGTTTACG AGCCCGTGGAGATGTCGGGGTTCGCTGCAGGGGGCCACTGCTGAG GACGGGTGGTGTAGGAGATGCCTCAAAGCCGGGAGGGCGTACTGG CGAGACGTGGAGGAGGGGGCTCAACATGGAGACCGGCGAGCAAAG CTCAATGAGTGCTGGACTCCTCTCTTGAATGGCCTCTGTAGCAAC CCTAGCCTCATCACGCTTGGAGGGGGGTGGTGAGCGGAGCACGGA CTTGGGGGAGAGGGGCGGCGAAGCCGGAGGAGTGCGGGCGTCCCT TGAGTCCCGCCTGGCACTGCCTGGGCGCGCGTGCCTATACGGGCT GCGACCACGAGCCTCCACCGGAGCAGCCAGAGCGGTGGCCGGAGG GGCTCGACCCATCTCCAGGGCGCAAGCCTCGGGGTCGCAGACTGC GCCGGAGCCGAAGAGGAGAGGGGCGGCGCCGGAGCCCAAGAGGAC AGGGGCGGCGGCCGGCGGGGGCGGCGGCGATGCAGCGCGCCTGCG GCCGTCGCGGTTGCCGCGATGGTCATCCCTGCTTCCCCTGTCTTG GTCATGCCGCTGATCGTCGCGTGGCGCACGGGAAAGGCTCCTGTG GACACGTGCACCGCTGTCTTGACCTCCCCTGGACGCGTCGCGCCC GTCGCGGCCACGACCGCGGTCACCATCTTCATCTCGATCGCGCCG ATCCTGACGCACGGGACAAGAGACGCGCTCACGCCTGTCGCGAGC TTTGGCCTCGCCATCCACGATGTTGTAGCGCCACGTCTCGGTCGG CGGACTATTCACACAACCGATGCGTCGCCGCTCTCGGCCCGCGTG CATGTATGGCGCGCCCCGCCGCTCGCGGACGCGTACGTTTGGCCG CCAAATCCACCGGACGCAAAGATATATCCTCGTCGTAGCGACGGA AGGACGCTTGCATGTATGGATGGAGAAGCCGGTGAAACAAAAGGG AAAACAAGATGGACGCCGCCGTCTCGCCAATCTCGCCCACCCACA CTAGATCCCGGCGCTCCATGGAGACTTGGGGAAGACACGTCCCCC AACTCTATAATGCCGCCTCCAGCGCCGCCGTGGAGGAACCGGAGT TGCGGAAGATGTATTGGACACTAGTGCGCGGCCACCACCCGGACG AAGCCAAACGAAAACCTAACCCTACAGCTATCTACAAACGGAATG CATGCACCACTCGGCCAACTATTCACACGACCAACGCGTCGCCGC TCTCGGTCCGCATGTATGTATGGCGCGCCCCGCCGGTCGCCGACG CGTACGTTTGACCGCCAAATGCACCGGACGCAAAAATATGTCCTC GTCGCAGCGACGTGCGCGGATGCCCCATCCCTGGAGCTGGACCGC GCCATGCGAAAGACGAGCCGGGCGCGTCGCCGTCCGGCGCTGCGG GTAGTCCGATCCGATCGAGCCAGCCGCTACGCGCCGGCGCCGCTT GCAGCAGAAAAGGACGGGGCGATGGATCCATCGCAACAAGCGCGG GCAGGCGCCACGCCATCCACGTAACAGCCAGGCCAAGAAAACTCG TGTACGAAGCTCCGTGCTCAGCGCTGGGCACGCGCGCGCTCTCGC CGCACCCCCACCCCCTATAAATTGGCCGGCCCGCGCTGCGACCTC CTCACACGCTTTCCCTCACACAACACACACCCATCTCCTTCCGCA CAGCTCTCCACCGAAAGGCACTGGTAGTGCAGTTGAAGTAGCGAC GGTACTGAAATAGCAGCAAGATGATACTGGGCGGGCTCATCGACA GCCTGACCGGCGCGAACAAGAACGCACGTCTCAAGGGCACGGCGG TGCTGATGAGGAAGAACGTGCTGGACCTCACCGACTTCGGCGCCA CCATCATGGACGGCATCGGCGACTTCCTCGGCAAGGGCGTCACCT GCCAGCTTATCAGCTCCACCCTCATCGACCACG 

What is claimed is:
 1. A method of making whole grain wheat flour having increased shelf life, said method comprising: providing wheat grain comprising a Lipoxygenase 1 (Lpx1) gene, wherein the wheat grain comprises a human-induced mutation in the Lpx1 gene of a D genome, said mutation causing reduced lipoxygenase activity in the wheat grain compared to wheat grain without the mutation, and milling the wheat grain into whole grain flour, wherein the whole grain flour has increased shelf life compared to whole grain flour milled from wheat grain not having said mutation.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein said whole grain flour comprises ultrafine-milled whole grain flour.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein said milling is carried out with a hammermill, roller mill, pin mill, impact mill, disc mill, air attrition mill, or a gap mill.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein said milling comprises grinding grain in a single stream without separating endosperm, bran, or germ into separate streams.
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein said milling comprises separating the flour into coarse fraction, endosperm, bran, or germ.
 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the wheat grain is of a first type of wheat, and said method further comprises: blending one or more coarse fraction, endosperm, bran or germ of the first type of wheat with whole grain flour, endosperm, bran, or germ from a second type of wheat.
 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the whole grain flour comprises an ultrafine-milled coarse fraction.
 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the wheat grain is of a first type of wheat, and said method further comprising: blending said ultrafine-milled coarse fraction from the first type of wheat with whole grain flour, endosperm, bran, or germ from a second type of wheat.
 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the wheat grain is of a first type of wheat, and said method further comprising: blending said whole grain flour of the first type of wheat with whole grain flour endosperm, bran, or germ from a second type of wheat.
 10. The method of claim 1, wherein said human-induced mutation in the Lpx1 D genome is homozygous.
 11. The method of claim 1, wherein said human-induced mutation is carried out by chemical mutagenesis.
 12. The method of claim 1, wherein said human-induced mutation is carried out by genome editing.
 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the wheat grain further comprises a human-induced mutation in the Lpx1 gene of a B genome.
 14. The method of claim 13, wherein said human-induced mutation in the B genome is homozygous.
 15. The method of claim 13, wherein said human-induced mutation is carried out by chemical mutagenesis.
 16. The method of claim 13, wherein said human-induced mutation is carried out by genome editing. 